We report on the generation of coherent emission from femtosecond (fs) laser-induced filaments mediated by ultrabroadband coherent Raman scattering (CRS), and we investigate its application for high-resolution gas-phase thermometry. Broadband 35-fs, 800-nm pump pulses generate the filament through photoionization of the N2 molecules, while narrowband picosecond (ps) pulses at 400 nm seed the fluorescent plasma medium via generation of an ultrabroadband CRS signal, resulting in a narrowband and highly spatiotemporally coherent emission at 428 nm. This emission satisfies the phase-matching for the crossed pump-probe beams geometry, and its polarization follows the CRS signal polarization. We perform spectroscopy on the coherent N2 + signal to investigate the rotational energy distribution of the N2 + ions in the excited B2Σu + electronic state and demonstrate that the ionization mechanism of the N2 molecules preserves the original Boltzmann distribution to within the experimental conditions tested.