Prognostic Value of C-Reactive Protein in SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Simplified Biomarker of COVID-19 Severity in Northern Ethiopia

Teklay Gebrecherkos; Feyissa Challa; Geremew Tasew; Zekarias Gessesse; Yazezew Kiros; Atsbeha Gebreegziabxier; Mahmud Abdulkader; Abraham Aregay Desta; Ataklti Hailu Atsbaha; Getachew Tollera; Saro Abrahim; Britta C Urban; Henk Schallig; Tobias Rinke de Wit; Dawit Wolday

doi:10.2147/IDR.S410053

Prognostic Value of C-Reactive Protein in SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Simplified Biomarker of COVID-19 Severity in Northern Ethiopia

Infect Drug Resist. 2023 May 16:16:3019-3028. doi: 10.2147/IDR.S410053. eCollection 2023.

Authors

Teklay Gebrecherkos¹, Feyissa Challa², Geremew Tasew³, Zekarias Gessesse⁴, Yazezew Kiros⁴, Atsbeha Gebreegziabxier⁵, Mahmud Abdulkader¹, Abraham Aregay Desta⁶, Ataklti Hailu Atsbaha⁷, Getachew Tollera⁸, Saro Abrahim⁵, Britta C Urban⁹, Henk Schallig¹⁰, Tobias Rinke de Wit^{11

12}, Dawit Wolday^{1

5}

Affiliations

¹ Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Health Sciences (CHS), Mekelle University (MU), Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia.
² National Reference Laboratory for Clinical Chemistry, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
³ Department of Bacteriology, Parasitology and Zoonosis, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
⁴ Department of Internal Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia.
⁵ HIV/TB Research Directorate, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
⁶ Public Health Research and Emergency Management, Tigray Health Research Institute, Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia.
⁷ Department of Microbiology, Tigray Health Research Institute, Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia.
⁸ Research and Technology Transfer Directorate, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
⁹ Department of Clinical Sciences, Respiratory Clinical Research Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK.
¹⁰ Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Experimental Parasitology Unit, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
¹¹ Amsterdam Institute of Global Health and Development, Department of Global Health, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
¹² Joep-Lange Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.

Abstract

Purpose: To evaluate the role of C-reactive protein (CRP) in predicting severe COVID-19 patients.

Methods: A prospective observational cohort study was conducted from July 15 to October 28, 2020, at Kuyha COVID-19 isolation and treatment center hospital, Mekelle City, Northern Ethiopia. A total of 670 blood samples were collected serially. SARS-CoV-2 infection was confirmed by RT-PCR from nasopharyngeal swabs and CRP concentration was determined using Cobas Integra 400 Plus (Roche). Data were analyzed using STATA version 14. P-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results: Overall, COVID-19 patients had significantly elevated CRP at baseline when compared to PCR-negative controls [median 11.1 (IQR: 2.0-127.8) mg/L vs 0.9 (IQR: 0.5-1.9) mg/L; p=0.0004)]. Those with severe COVID-19 clinical presentation had significantly higher median CRP levels compared to those with non-severe cases [166.1 (IQR: 48.6-332.5) mg/L vs 2.4 (IQR: 1.2-7.6) mg/L; p<0.00001)]. Moreover, COVID-19 patients exhibited higher median CRP levels at baseline [58 (IQR: 2.0-127.8) mg/L] that decreased significantly to 2.4 (IQR: 1.4-3.9) mg/L after 40 days after symptom onset (p<0.0001). Performance of CRP levels determined using ROC analysis distinguished severe from non-severe COVID-19 patients, with an AUC value of 0.83 (95% CI: 0.73-0.91; p=0.001; 77.4% sensitivity and 89.4% specificity). In multivariable analysis, CRP levels above 30 mg/L were significantly associated with an increased risk of developing severe COVID-19 for those who have higher ages and comorbidities (ARR 3.99, 95% CI: 1.35-11.82; p=0.013).

Conclusion: CRP was found to be an independent determinant factor for severe COVID-19 patients. Therefore, CRP levels in COVID-19 patients in African settings may provide a simple, prompt, and inexpensive assessment of the severity status at baseline and monitoring of treatment outcomes.

Keywords: COVID-19; CRP; SARS-CoV-2; biomarker.

Grants and funding

This research was supported by grants from the European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership (EDCTP), supported by the European Union (RIA-2020EF-2095) and Joep Lange Institute for Global Health and Development, The Netherlands.