Increased cerebral activity during microsleeps reflects an unconscious drive to re-establish consciousness

Mohamed H Zaky; Reza Shoorangiz; Govinda R Poudel; Le Yang; Carrie R H Innes; Richard D Jones

doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2023.05.349

Increased cerebral activity during microsleeps reflects an unconscious drive to re-establish consciousness

Int J Psychophysiol. 2023 Jul:189:57-65. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2023.05.349. Epub 2023 May 14.

Authors

Mohamed H Zaky¹, Reza Shoorangiz², Govinda R Poudel³, Le Yang⁴, Carrie R H Innes⁵, Richard D Jones⁶

Affiliations

¹ Christchurch Neurotechnology Research Programme, New Zealand Brain Research Institute, Christchurch, New Zealand; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand; Department of Electronics and Communications Engineering, Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport, Alexandria, Egypt. Electronic address: mohamed.hossam.zaky@aast.edu.
² Christchurch Neurotechnology Research Programme, New Zealand Brain Research Institute, Christchurch, New Zealand; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand; Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand.
³ Christchurch Neurotechnology Research Programme, New Zealand Brain Research Institute, Christchurch, New Zealand; Mary Mackillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia.
⁴ Christchurch Neurotechnology Research Programme, New Zealand Brain Research Institute, Christchurch, New Zealand; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.
⁵ Christchurch Neurotechnology Research Programme, New Zealand Brain Research Institute, Christchurch, New Zealand.
⁶ Christchurch Neurotechnology Research Programme, New Zealand Brain Research Institute, Christchurch, New Zealand; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand; Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand; School of Psychology, Speech and Hearing, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.

PMID: 37192708
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2023.05.349

Abstract

Background: Microsleeps are brief instances of sleep, causing complete lapses in responsiveness and partial or total extended closure of both eyes. Microsleeps can have devastating consequences, particularly in the transportation sector.

Study objectives: Questions remain regarding the neural signature and underlying mechanisms of microsleeps. This study aimed to gain a better understanding of the physiological substrates of microsleeps, which might lead to a better understanding of the phenomenon.

Methods: Data from an earlier study, involving 20 healthy non-sleep-deprived subjects, were analysed. Each session lasted 50 min and required subjects to perform a 2-D continuous visuomotor tracking task. Simultaneous data collection included tracking performance, eye-video, EEG, and fMRI. A human expert visually inspected each participant's tracking performance and eye-video recordings to identify microsleeps. Our interest was in microsleeps of ≥4-s duration, leaving us with a total of 226 events from 10 subjects. The microsleep events were divided into four 2-s segments (pre, start, end, and post) (with a gap in the middle, between start and end segments, for microsleeps >4 s), then each segment was analysed relative to its prior segment by examining changes in source-reconstructed EEG power in the delta, theta, alpha, beta, and gamma bands.

Results: EEG power increased in the theta and alpha bands between the pre and start of microsleeps. There was also increased power in the delta, beta, and gamma bands between the start and end of microsleeps. Conversely, there was a reduction in power between the end and post of microsleeps in the delta and alpha bands. These findings support previous findings in the delta, theta, and alpha bands. However, increased power in the beta and gamma bands has not been previously reported.

Conclusions: We contend that increased high-frequency activity during microsleeps reflects unconscious 'cognitive' activity aimed at re-establishing consciousness following falling asleep during an active task.

Keywords: EEG; High-frequency bands; Low-frequency bands; Microsleeps; Source-level statistics; eLORETA.

Publication types

Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

Consciousness*
Electroencephalography*
Humans
Sleep / physiology