Diurnal monitoring of the Secchi-disk depth (SDD) of eutrophic lakes is the basic requirement to ensure domestic, industrial, and agricultural water use in surrounding cities. The retrieval of SDD in high frequency and longer observation period is the basic monitoring requirement to guarantee water environmental quality. Taking Lake Taihu as an example, the diurnal high-frequency observation (10 mins) data of the geostationary meteorological satellite sensor AHI/Himawari-8 were examined in this study. The results showed that the AHI normalized water-leaving radiance (Lwn) product derived by the Shortwave-infrared atmospheric correction (SWIR-AC) algorithm was consistent with the in situ data, with determination coefficient (R2) all larger than 0.86 and the mean absolute percentage deviation (MAPD) of 19.76%, 12.83%, 19.03% and 36.46% for the 460 nm, 510 nm, 640 nm and 860 nm bands, respectively. 510 nm and 640 nm bands showed more better consistency with in situ data in Lake Taihu. Therefore, an empirical SDD algorithm was established based on the AHI green (510 nm) and red (640 nm) bands. The SDD algorithm was verified by in situ data showed good performance with R2 of 0.81, RMSE of 5.91 cm, and MAPD of 20.67%. Based on the AHI data and established algorithm, diurnal high-frequency variation of the SDD in the Lake Taihu was investigated and the environmental factor (wind speed, turbidity degree, and photosynthetically active radiance) corresponding to diurnal SDD variation were discussed. This study should be helpful for studying diurnal high-dynamics physical-biogeochemical processes in eutrophication lake waters.