Vis-NIR and SWIR hyperspectral imaging method to detect bruises in pomegranate fruit

Emmanuel Ekene Okere; Alemayehu Ambaw; Willem Jacobus Perold; Umezuruike Linus Opara

doi:10.3389/fpls.2023.1151697

Vis-NIR and SWIR hyperspectral imaging method to detect bruises in pomegranate fruit

Front Plant Sci. 2023 Apr 21:14:1151697. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1151697. eCollection 2023.

Authors

Emmanuel Ekene Okere^{1

2}, Alemayehu Ambaw¹, Willem Jacobus Perold², Umezuruike Linus Opara^{1

3}

Affiliations

¹ SARChI Postharvest Technology Research Laboratory, Africa Institute for Postharvest Technology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.
² Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.
³ UNESCO International Centre for Biotechnology, Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria.

Abstract

Introduction: Fresh pomegranate fruit is susceptible to bruising, a common type of mechanical damage during harvest and at all stages of postharvest handling. Accurate and early detection of such damages in pomegranate fruit plays an important role in fruit grading. This study investigated the detection of bruises in fresh pomegranate fruit using hyperspectral imaging technique.

Methods: A total of 90 sample of pomegranate fruit were divided into three groups of 30 samples, each representing purposefully induced pre-scanning bruise by dropping samples from 100 cm and 60 cm height on a metal surface. The control has no pre-scanning bruise (no drop). Two hyperspectral imaging setups were examined: visible and near infrared (400 to 1000 nm) and short wavelength infrared (1000 to 2500 nm). Region of interest (ROI) averaged reflectance spectra was implemented to reduce the image data. For all hypercubes a principal components analysis (PCA) based background removal were done prior to segmenting the region of interest (ROI) using the Evince® multi-variate analysis software 2.4.0. Then the average spectrum of the ROI of each sample was computed and transferred to the MATLAB 2022a (The MathWorks, Inc., Mass., USA) for classification. A two-layer feed-forward artificial neural network (ANN) is used for classification.

Results and discussion: The accuracy of bruise severity classification ranged from 80 to 96.7%. When samples from both bruise severity (Bruise damage induced from a 100cm and 60 cm drop heights respectively) cases were merged, class recognition accuracy were 88.9% and 74.4% for the SWIR and Vis-NIR, respectively. This study implemented the method of selecting out informative bands and disregarding the redundant ones to decreases the data size and dimension. The study developed a more compact classification model by the data dimensionality reduction method. This study demonstrated the potential of using hyperspectral imaging technology in sensing and classification of bruise severity in pomegranate fruit. This work provides the foundation to build a compact and fast multispectral imaging-based device for practical farm and packhouse applications.

Keywords: SWIR; Vis-NIR; bruise detection; hyperspectral imaging; non-destructive testing; pattern recognition; pomegranate fruit.