Machine learning for predicting opioid use disorder from healthcare data: A systematic review

Abstract

Introduction: The US opioid epidemic has been one of the leading causes of injury-related deaths according to the CDC Injury Center. The increasing availability of data and tools for machine learning (ML) resulted in more researchers creating datasets and models to help analyze and mitigate the crisis. This review investigates peer-reviewed journal papers that applied ML models to predict opioid use disorder (OUD). The review is split into two parts. The first part summarizes the current research in OUD prediction with ML. The second part evaluates how ML techniques and processes were used to achieve these results and suggests improvements to refine further attempts to use ML for OUD prediction.

Methods: The review includes peer-reviewed journal papers published on or after 2012 that use healthcare data to predict OUD. We searched Google Scholar, Semantic Scholar, PubMed, IEEE Xplore, and Science.gov in September of 2022. Data extracted includes the study's goal, dataset used, cohort selected, types of ML models created, model evaluation metrics, and the details of the ML tools and techniques used to create the models.

Results: The review analyzed 16 papers. Three papers created their dataset, five used a publicly available dataset, and the remaining eight used a private dataset. Cohort size ranged from the low hundreds to over half a million. Six papers used one type of ML model, and the remaining ten used up to five different ML models. The reported ROC AUC was higher than 0.8 for all but one of the papers. Five papers used only non-interpretable models, and the other 11 used interpretable models exclusively or in combination with non-interpretable ones. The interpretable models were the highest or second-highest ROC AUC values. Most papers did not sufficiently describe the ML techniques and tools used to produce their results. Only three papers published their source code.

Conclusions: We found that while there are indications that ML methods applied to OUD prediction may be valuable, the lack of details and transparency in creating the ML models limits their usefulness. We end the review with recommendations to improve studies on this critical healthcare subject.

Keywords: Artificial intelligence; Machine learning; Opioid use disorder (OUD); Systematic review.