New vaccination strategies are required for effective control of winter ulcer disease caused by emerging variant strains of Moritella viscosa in Atlantic salmon

Abstract

Moritella viscosa is one on the major etiological agents of winter-ulcers in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in Norway. Outbreaks of ulcerative disease in farmed fish occurs across the North Atlantic region and is an impeding factor for sustainable growth within the industry. Commercially available multivalent core vaccines containing inactivated bacterin of M. viscosa reduce mortality and clinical signs related to winter ulcer disease. Two major genetic clades within M. viscosa have previously been described based on gyrB sequencing, namely typical (hereafter referred to as classic) and variant. Vaccination-challenge trials using vaccines including either variant and or classic isolates of M. viscosa show that classic clade isolates included in current commercial multivalent core vaccines provide poor cross-protection against emerging variant strains, while variant strains confer high level of protection against variant M. viscosa but to a lesser extent to classic clade isolates. This demonstrates that future vaccine regimens should include a combination of strains from both clades.

Keywords: Antibody response; Atlantic salmon; Cross-protection; Moritella viscosa; Vaccine; Winter-ulcer disease.