To improve the detection capability of satellite-based synthetic aperture radar, a large antenna array with a length scale of 100 meters is urgently needed. However, the structural deformation of the large antenna leads to phase errors, which will significantly reduce the antenna gain; hence, real-time and high-precision profile measurements of the antenna are essential for active compensation of the phase and thus improving the antenna gain. Nevertheless, the conditions of antenna in-orbit measurements are rather severe because of limited installation locations of measurement instruments, large areas, and long distance to be measured, and unstable measurement environments. To deal with the issues, we propose a three-dimensional displacement measurement method for the antenna plate based on laser distance measuring and digital image correlation (DIC). The proposed method uses the DIC method to retrieve the in-plane displacement information in combination with a laser range finder to provide depth information. A Scheimpflug camera is used to overcome the limitation of the depth of field of traditional cameras and enable clear imaging of the full field. Moreover, a vibration compensation scheme is proposed to eliminate the measurement error of the target displacement caused by the random vibration (within 0.01°) of the camera support rod. The results of the experiment in a laboratory setting show that the proposed method can effectively eliminate the measurement error caused by camera vibration (50 mm) and reduce the displacement measurement error to within 1 mm with a measurement range of 60 m, which can meet the measurement requirements of next-generation large satellite antennas.