Background: The thalamus is central to brain functions ranging from primary sensory processing to higher-order cognition. Structural deficits in thalamic association nuclei such as the pulvinar and mediodorsal nuclei have previously been reported in schizophrenia. However, the specificity with regards to clinical presentation, and whether or not bipolar disorder (BD) is associated with similar alterations is unclear.
Methods: We investigated thalamic nuclei volumes in 334 patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD) (median age 29 years, 59 % male), 322 patients with BD (30 years, 40 % male), and 826 healthy controls (HC) (34 years, 54 % male). Volumes of 25 thalamic nuclei were extracted from T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging using an automated Bayesian segmentation method and compared between groups. Furthermore, we explored associations with clinical characteristics across diagnostic groups, including psychotic and mood symptoms and medication use, as well as diagnostic subtype in BD.
Results: Significantly smaller volumes were found in the mediodorsal, pulvinar, and lateral and medial geniculate thalamic nuclei in SSD. Similarly, smaller volumes were found in BD in the same four regions, but mediodorsal nucleus volume alterations were limited to its lateral part and pulvinar alterations to its anterior region. Smaller volumes in BD compared to HC were seen only in BD type I, not BD type II. Across diagnoses, having more negative symptoms was associated with smaller pulvinar volumes.
Conclusions: Structural alterations were found in both SSD and BD, mainly in the thalamic association nuclei. Structural deficits in the pulvinar may be of relevance for negative symptoms.
Keywords: Affective disorders; Brain morphometry; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Negative symptoms; Neuroanatomy; Psychotic disorders.
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