Comprehensive Study of Oxygen Vacancies on the Catalytic Performance of ZnO for CO/H2 Activation Using Machine Learning-Accelerated First-Principles Simulations

Yulan Han; Jiayan Xu; Wenbo Xie; Zhuozheng Wang; P Hu

doi:10.1021/acscatal.3c00658

Comprehensive Study of Oxygen Vacancies on the Catalytic Performance of ZnO for CO/H₂ Activation Using Machine Learning-Accelerated First-Principles Simulations

ACS Catal. 2023 Mar 30;13(8):5104-5113. doi: 10.1021/acscatal.3c00658. eCollection 2023 Apr 21.

Authors

Yulan Han¹, Jiayan Xu¹, Wenbo Xie¹, Zhuozheng Wang^{1

2}, P Hu^{1

3}

Affiliations

¹ School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5AG, UK.
² PetroChina Petrochemical Research Institute, Beijing 102206, China.
³ School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai 201210, China.

Abstract

Oxygen vacancies (OVs) play important roles on any oxide catalysts. In this work, using an investigation of the OV effects on ZnO(101̅0) for CO and H₂ activation as an example, we demonstrate, via machine learning potentials (MLPs), genetic algorithm (GA)-based global optimization, and density functional theory (DFT) validations, that the ZnO(101̅0) surface with 0.33 ML OVs is the most likely surface configuration under experimental conditions (673 K and 2.5 MPa syngas (H₂:CO = 1.5)). It is found that a surface reconstruction from the wurtzite structure to a body-centered-tetragonal one would occur in the presence of OVs. We show that the OVs create a Zn₃ cluster site, allowing H₂ homolysis and C-O bond cleavage to occur. Furthermore, the activity of intrinsic sites (Zn_3c and O_3c sites) is almost invariable, while the activity of the generated OV sites is strongly dependent on the concentration of the OVs. It is also found that OV distributions on the surface can considerably affect the reactions; the barrier of C-O bond dissociation is significantly reduced when the OVs are aligned along the [12̅10] direction. These findings may be general in the systems with metal oxides in heterogeneous catalysis and may have significant impacts on the field of catalyst design by regulating the concentration and distribution of the OVs.