Occupational exposure to HIV and utilization of post-exposure prophylaxis among healthcare workers at St. Peter's specialized hospital in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Abstract

Healthcare workers are susceptible to blood borne pathogens, such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Occupational exposure to HIV infection among healthcare workers is becoming a global public health concern. However, there is limited evidence about occupational exposure of healthcare workers to HIV and utilization of post-exposure prophylaxis in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Accordingly, this study was conducted to assess the prevalence of occupational exposure to HIV and utilization of post exposure prophylaxis among healthcare workers at St. Peter's specialized hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. A health facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 308 randomly selected healthcare workers in April 2022. Structured and pretested self-administered questioner was used to collect data. Occupational exposure to HIV was taken as any percutaneous injury or blood or other body fluids exposure while administering medications, specimen collection, and other procedures with HIV confirmed patients. Multivariable binary logistic regression analysis was used to identify factors associated with occupational exposure to HIV and utilization of post-exposure prophylaxis. Statistically significant association was declared on the basis of adjusted odds ratio with 95% confidence interval and p-value less than 0.05. The study found that 42.3% (95% CI 36.6, 47.9%) of the healthcare workers had occupational exposure to HIV during their career time, out of whom 16.1% (95% CI 11.9, 20.3%) used post-exposure prophylaxis. Healthcare workers with lower-level education such as diploma (AOR: 0.41, 95% CI 0.17, 0.96) and BSc (AOR: 0.51, 95% CI 0.26, 0.92), and healthcare workers who received infection prevention training (AOR: 0.55, 95% CI 0.33, 0.90) had less risk of exposure to HIV. On the other hand, nurses (AOR: 1.98, 95% CI 1.07, 3.67), midwifes (AOR: 3.79, 95% CI 1.21, 11.9), and physicians (AOR: 2.11, 95% CI 1.05, 4.22) had high risk of exposure to HIV compared with other professionals. Moreover, healthcare workers with BSc degree compared with healthcare workers with masters degree (AOR: 3.69, 95% CI 1.08, 12.6), healthcare workers with long service year (AOR: 3.75, 95% CI 1.64, 8.57), and healthcare workers who are working in facilities where prophylaxis is available (AOR: 3.41, 95% CI 1.47, 7.91) had higher odds to utilize post-exposure prophylaxis. Significant proportion of healthcare workers included in the current study had occupational exposure to HIV and very few of them used post-exposure prophylaxis. Healthcare workers need to use appropriate personal protective equipment, safely manage contaminated equipment, and safely administered medications and collect specimen to protect themselves from exposure to HIV. Moreover, use of post-exposure prophylaxis should be promoted when exposure exists.