Non-invasively Discriminating the Pathological Subtypes of Non-small Cell Lung Cancer with Pretreatment 18F-FDG PET/CT Using Deep Learning

Abstract

Rationale and objectives: To develop an end-to-end deep learning (DL) model for non-invasively predicting non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) pathological subtypes based on ¹⁸F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) images, and to explore the potential value of DL technology.

Materials and methods: Preoperative ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT images of 189 patients with NSCLC were retrospectively collected. The whole cohort was randomly divided into a training cohort, a validation cohort, and an internal/extended test cohort at the ratio of 6:2:2 after preprocessing the images. In the training and validation cohorts, seven DL models-Shufflenet, VGG16, Googlenet, Inception v3, Resnet50, Densenet201, and Mobilenet v2-were trained and optimized. The generalization ability and clinical utility of the optimal model were evaluated in the internal and extended test cohorts. Moreover, Spearman's correlation analysis was used to evaluate the correlation between DL features and traditional radiological features such as tumor size and maximum standardized uptake values (SUVmax).

Results: Some DL features were significantly correlated with SUVmax and tumor size (P < 0.05). The Mobilenet v2 model achieved the best performance during the model development and validation phases. In the internal test group (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve [AUC]: 0.744, area under the precision-recall curve [AP]: 0.759) and extended test group (AUC: 0.767, AP: 0.768), the Mobilenet v2 model showed good generalization ability and reproducibility. Meanwhile, the decision curve analysis revealed that patients can benefit from the decisions made based on the Mobilenet v2 model.

Conclusion: DL models offer great potential for classifying NSCLC pathological subtypes. Specifically, the Mobilenet v2 model performs well at end-to-end non-invasive pathological subtype stratification of NSCLC.

Keywords: (18)F-FDG PET/ CT; Adenocarcinoma; Deep learning; Squamous cell carcinoma.