Critical success factors for high routine immunization performance: A case study of Senegal

Zoe Sakas; Kyra A Hester; Katie Rodriguez; Saly Amos Diatta; Anna S Ellis; Daouda Malick Gueye; Dawn Mapatano; Pr Souleymane Mboup; Emily Awino Ogutu; Chenmua Yang; Robert A Bednarczyk; Matthew C Freeman; Moussa Sarr; Vaccine Exemplars Research Consortium

doi:10.1016/j.jvacx.2023.100296

Critical success factors for high routine immunization performance: A case study of Senegal

Vaccine X. 2023 Apr 6:14:100296. doi: 10.1016/j.jvacx.2023.100296. eCollection 2023 Aug.

Collaborators

Vaccine Exemplars Research Consortium:
Natalia Bueno³, Francisco Castillo Zunino⁴, Roopa Darwar¹, Bonheur Dounebaine¹, Matthew R Dudgeon⁵, Cam Escoffery¹, Kimberley R Isett⁶, Chandni Jaishwal¹, Hanleigh James¹, Pinar Keskinocak⁴, B Pablo Montagnes³, Dima Nazzali³, Walter Orenstein⁵, Miguel Rueda Robayo³, Simone Rosenblum⁷, Hannah K Smalley⁴

Affiliations

¹ Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
² Institut de Recherche en Santé de Surveillance Epidemiologique et de Formation, Dakar, Senegal.
³ College of Arts and Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
⁴ H. Milton Stewart School of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.
⁵ Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
⁶ Biden School of Public Policy and Administration, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA.
⁷ School of Public Policy, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.

Abstract

Background: The essential components of a vaccine delivery system are well-documented, but robust evidence is lacking on how policies and implementation strategies are operationalized to drive catalytic improvements in coverage. To address this gap, we identified success factors that supported improvements in routine immunization coverage in Senegal, especially from 2000 to 2019.

Methods: We identified Senegal as an exemplar in the delivery of childhood vaccines through analysis of DTP1 and DTP3 coverage data. Through interviews and focus group discussions at the national, regional, district, health facility, and community-level, we investigated factors that contributed to high and sustained vaccination coverage. We conducted a thematic analysis through application of implementation science frameworks to determine critical success factors. We triangulated these findings with quantitative analyses using publicly available data.

Results: The following success factors emerged: 1) Strong political will and prioritization of resources for immunization programming supported urgent allocation of funding and supplies; 2) Collaboration between the Ministry of Health and Social Action and external partners fostered innovation, capacity building, and efficiency; 3) Improved surveillance, monitoring, and evaluation allowed for timely and evidence-based decision making; 4) Community ownership of vaccine service delivery supported tailored programming and response to local needs; and 5) Community health workers spearheaded vaccine promotion and demand generation for vaccines.

Conclusion: The vaccination program in Senegal was supported by evidence-based decision making at the national-level, alignment of priorities between governmental entities and external partners, and strong community engagement initiatives that fostered local ownership of vaccine delivery and uptake. High routine immunization coverage was likely driven by prioritization of immunization programming, improved surveillance systems, a mature and reliable community health worker program, and tailored strategies for addressing geographical, social, and cultural barriers.

Keywords: Childhood vaccination; Health systems strengthening; Implementation research; Vaccine policy; Vaccine programming.