Robotic rehabilitation therapy using Hybrid Assistive Limb (HAL) for patients with spinal cord lesions: a narrative review

Masao Koda; Shigeki Kubota; Hideki Kadone; Kousei Miura; Toru Funayama; Hiroshi Takahashi; Masashi Yamazaki

doi:10.1016/j.xnsj.2023.100209

Robotic rehabilitation therapy using Hybrid Assistive Limb (HAL) for patients with spinal cord lesions: a narrative review

N Am Spine Soc J. 2023 Mar 11:14:100209. doi: 10.1016/j.xnsj.2023.100209. eCollection 2023 Jun.

Authors

Masao Koda^{1

2}, Shigeki Kubota¹, Hideki Kadone^{3

2}, Kousei Miura¹, Toru Funayama¹, Hiroshi Takahashi¹, Masashi Yamazaki¹

Affiliations

¹ Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058575, Japan.
² Center for Cybernics Research, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058575, Japan.
³ Center for Innovative Medicine and Engineering, University of Tsukuba Hospital, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058575, Japan.

Abstract

Background: The Hybrid Assistive Limb (HAL) is a rehabilitation device that utilizes the "interactive biofeedback" hypothesis to facilitate the motion of the device according to the user's motion intention and appropriate sensory input evoked by HAL-supported motion. HAL has been studied extensively for its potential to promote walking function in patients with spinal cord lesions, including spinal cord injury.

Methods: We performed a narrative review of HAL rehabilitation for spinal cord lesions.

Results: Several reports have shown the effectiveness of HAL rehabilitation in the recovery of walking ability in patients with gait disturbance caused by compressive myelopathy. Clinical studies have also demonstrated potential mechanisms of action leading to clinical findings, including normalization of cortical excitability, improvement of muscle synergy, attenuation of difficulties in voluntarily initiating joint movement, and gait coordination changes.

Conclusions: However, further investigation with more sophisticated study designs is necessary to prove the true efficacy of HAL walking rehabilitation. HAL remains one of the most promising rehabilitation devices for promoting walking function in patients with spinal cord lesions.

Keywords: Compressive myelopathy; Exoskeleton; Gait training; Hybrid Assistive Limb (HAL); Rehabilitation; Robot; Spinal cord injury.