Development and validation of the C-SHADE scale for measuring perpetration of common sexually harassing and aggressive behaviors in drinking environments

Kathryn Graham; Sharon Bernards; Antonia Abbey; Charlene Senn; Tara M Dumas; AnnaLise Trudell; Peter D Donnelly; Samantha Wells

doi:10.1111/acer.15087

Development and validation of the C-SHADE scale for measuring perpetration of common sexually harassing and aggressive behaviors in drinking environments

Alcohol Clin Exp Res (Hoboken). 2023 Jun;47(6):1191-1203. doi: 10.1111/acer.15087. Epub 2023 Apr 27.

Authors

Kathryn Graham^{1

2}, Sharon Bernards¹, Antonia Abbey³, Charlene Senn⁴, Tara M Dumas⁵, AnnaLise Trudell⁶, Peter D Donnelly^{2

7}, Samantha Wells^{1

2

8

9

10}

Affiliations

¹ Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, London/Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
² Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
³ Department of Psychology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA.
⁴ Department of Psychology/Women's & Gender Studies, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada.
⁵ Department of Psychology, Huron University, London, Ontario, Canada.
⁶ Anova, a gender-based violence community agency in London Ontario providing shelter, counselling and prevention services, London, Ontario, Canada.
⁷ Medical School, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK.
⁸ Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.
⁹ Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
¹⁰ School of Psychology, Deakin University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.

PMID: 37081744
DOI: 10.1111/acer.15087

Abstract

Background: Sexual aggression (SA) is ubiquitous in drinking environments. Although such behavior is often seen as normal and acceptable, the targets of SA experience many negative consequences. This research aimed to develop a valid measure of common acts of SA in drinking settings for estimating prevalence and evaluating prevention initiatives.

Methods: We developed a questionnaire measure of common acts of sexual harassment and aggression in drinking environments (C-SHADE) based on descriptions of SA behavior from our own and others' research. The measure was validated in a cross-sectional survey of 335 men aged 19 to 25 using webpanels from an online survey company. Validation measures included: a modified version of the Sexual Experiences Survey (M-SES), measures of SA by peers in drinking environments, SA-related attitudes, expectancies about sexual effects of alcohol, and alcohol consumption.

Results: The C-SHADE showed high internal consistency (α = 0.96) and was significantly correlated with M-SES (r = 0.52), SA by peers (r = 0.61 to 0.70), SA-related attitudes/expectations (r = 0.38 to 0.55), and measures of alcohol consumption (r = 0.22 to 0.36). Overall, 71.9% of participants reported SA using the C-SHADE versus 24.7% with the M-SES. We compared the responses of participants who reported perpetration on both measures (N = 83), on only the C-SHADE (N = 141), and among nonperpetrators (N = 89; excluding four participants who reported perpetration only on the M-SES). The M-SES/C-SHADE perpetrators scored significantly higher than C-SHADE-only perpetrators and nonperpetrators on most SA-related and drinking measures, while C-SHADE-only perpetrators scored significantly higher than nonperpetrators on peer SA and two attitude measures.

Conclusions: The C-SHADE is suitable for measuring prevalence and evaluating interventions in drinking settings. The C-SHADE confirmed a high prevalence of SA in drinking settings and identified an important group of C-SHADE-only perpetrators for whom interventions that focus on situational precipitators of SA in drinking settings may be especially useful.

Keywords: licensed premises; measurement; prevention; sexual aggression perpetration; survey.

Grants and funding

387960/CAPMC/ CIHR/Canada