Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), a novel type of porous crystalline material, have aroused widespread interest in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). The design and preparation of MOF electrodes with a stable structure and excellent electrochemical performance are primary concerns for improving the capacity of LIBs. Among them, two-dimensional (2D) materials with larger specific surface areas, richer active sites, and higher aspect ratios have great potential. We adopted a facile approach to synthesize unique Co-MOF nanosheets with a 2D flaky morphology and a mesoporous structure. In addition, low-temperature calcination increases the specific surface area and improves the porosity to achieve mass transfer. Sample M2 delivers high specific capacities and long lives (1402.0 mA h g-1 after 100 cycles at 500 mA g-1 and 462.4 mA h g-1 after 300 cycles at 1.0 A g-1) when the calcination temperature is 200 °C. Significant improvements in the cycle life and stability are attributed to the 2D flaky structure of the M2 sample and the available low-temperature calcination activation, which provide a simple strategy for the fabrication of inexpensive and excellent anodes for LIBs.