Explainable and Robust Deep Forests for EMG-Force Modeling

IEEE J Biomed Health Inform. 2023 Jun;27(6):2841-2852. doi: 10.1109/JBHI.2023.3262316. Epub 2023 Jun 5.

Abstract

Machine and deep learning techniques have received increasing attentions in estimating finger forces from high-density surface electromyography (HDsEMG), especially for neural interfacing. However, most machine learning models are normally employed as block-box modules. Additionally, most previous models suffer from performance degradation when dealing with noisy signals. In this work, we propose to employ a forest ensemble model for HDsEMG-force modeling. Our model is explainable and robust against noise. Additionally, we explored the effect of increasing the depth of forest models in EMG-force modeling problems. We evaluated the performance of deep forests with a finger force estimation task. Training and testing data were acquired 3-25 days apart, approximating realistic scenarios. Results showed that deep forests significantly outperformed other models. With artificial signal distortion in 20% channels, deep forests also showed a higher robustness, with the error reduced from that of the baseline by 50% compared with all other models. We provided explanations for the proposed model using the mean decrease impurity (MDI) metric, revealing a strong correspondence between the model and physiology.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Electromyography / methods
  • Fingers* / physiology
  • Humans
  • Machine Learning*