Protein Source Influences Acute Appetite and Satiety but Not Subsequent Food Intake in Healthy Adults

Abstract

Background: Although current recommendations encourage plant-based dietary patterns, data is limited as to whether the equivalent substitution of animal-based protein-rich foods with plant-based versions impacts ingestive behavior.

Objectives: To compare higher-protein preloads, varying in protein source, on appetite, satiety, and subsequent energy intake.

Methods: Thirty-two adults (age: 25 ± 1 y; body mass index (BMI) measured in kg/m²: 24.2 ± 0.5 kg/m²) randomly consumed 250 kcal, protein-preload beverages (24 g protein), varying in protein source [whey, soy, and pea protein isolates (WHEY, SOY, and PEA) or micellar casein (CAS)] each morning for 3 acclimation days/preload. On day 4, participants completed a 4-h clinical testing day in which the respective preload was consumed, followed by blood sampling and questionnaires every 30 min for appetite and satiety. In addition, an ad libitum lunch was provided 4-h postpreload. On day 5, participants consumed the respective preload at home, followed by an ad libitum breakfast 30 min afterward. For normally-distributed data, repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) or Friedman nonparametric test were utilized to compare the main effects of protein source on study outcomes. Post hoc pairwise comparisons using least-significant differences (LSD) were then performed.

Results: CAS (-3330 ± 690 mm∗240 min) and PEA (-2840 ± 930mm∗240 min) reduced 4-h appetite compared with SOY (-1440 ± 936 mm∗240 min; both, P < 0.05). WHEY was not different (-2290 ± 930 mm∗240 min). CAS (3520 ± 84 pg/mL∗240 min) and PEA (3860 ± 864 pg/mL∗240 min) increased 4-h peptide YY concentrations compared with SOY (2200 ± 869 pg/mL∗240 min; both, P < 0.05). WHEY was not different (3870 ± 932 pg/mL∗240 min). No differences in ad libitum energy intake were observed.

Conclusions: CAS and PEA, but not WHEY, elicited greater acute changes in appetite and satiety compared with SOY in healthy adults, supporting that not all protein sources are equivalent. This trial is registered at clinicaltrials.gov (NCT03154606).

Keywords: PYY; eating behavior; protein quality; satiation; satiety.