Anodal tDCS over the left DLPFC but not M1 increases muscle activity and improves psychophysiological responses, cognitive function, and endurance performance in normobaric hypoxia: a randomized controlled trial

Abstract

Background: Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has been shown to have positive effects on exercise performance and cognitive function in the normal ambient condition. Hypoxia is deemed a stressful situation with detrimental effects on physiological, psychological, cognitive, and perceptual responses of the body. Nevertheless, no study has evaluated the efficacy of tDCS for counteracting the negative effects of hypoxic conditions on exercise performance and cognition so far. Hence, in the present study, we investigated the effects of anodal tDCS on endurance performance, cognitive function, and perceptual responses in hypoxia.

Participants and methods: Fourteen endurance-trained males participated in five experimental sessions. After familiarization and measuring peak power output in hypoxia, in the first and second sessions, through the 3rd to 5th sessions, participants performed a cycling endurance task until exhaustion after 30 min hypoxic exposure at resting position followed by 20 min of anodal stimulation of the motor cortex (M1), left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), or sham-tDCS. Color-word Stroop test and choice reaction time were measured at baseline and after exhaustion. Time to exhaustion, heart rate, saturated O₂, EMG amplitude of the vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, and rectus femoris muscles, RPE, affective response, and felt arousal were also measured during the task under hypoxia.

Results: The results showed a longer time to exhaustion (+ 30.96%, p₌0.036), lower RPE (- 10.23%, p ₌ 0.045) and higher EMG amplitude of the vastus medialis muscle (+ 37.24%, p₌0.003), affective response (+ 260%, p₌0.035) and felt arousal (+ 28.9%, p₌0.029) in the DLPFC tDCS compared to sham. The choice reaction time was shorter in DLPFC tDCS compared to sham (- 17.55%, p₌0.029), and no differences were seen in the color-word Stroop test among the conditions under hypoxia. M1 tDCS resulted in no significant effect for any outcome measure.

Conclusions: We concluded that, as a novel finding, anodal stimulation of the left DLPFC might provide an ergogenic aid for endurance performance and cognitive function under the hypoxic condition probably via increasing neural drive to the working muscles, lowering RPE, and increasing perceptual responses.

Keywords: Circumplex model of affect; Electromyography; Non-invasive brain stimulation; Perceived exertion; Perceptual responses; Time to exhaustion.