Comparison between 24-hour diet recall and 24-hour urine collection for estimating sodium and potassium intakes and their ratio among Korean adults

Taisun Hyun; Mi-Kyeong Choi; Young-Ran Heo; Heekyong Ro; Young-Hee Han; Yeon-Kyung Lee

doi:10.4162/nrp.2023.17.2.284

Comparison between 24-hour diet recall and 24-hour urine collection for estimating sodium and potassium intakes and their ratio among Korean adults

Nutr Res Pract. 2023 Apr;17(2):284-296. doi: 10.4162/nrp.2023.17.2.284. Epub 2022 Sep 2.

Authors

Taisun Hyun¹, Mi-Kyeong Choi², Young-Ran Heo³, Heekyong Ro⁴, Young-Hee Han¹, Yeon-Kyung Lee⁵

Affiliations

¹ Department of Food and Nutrition, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea.
² Department of Food and Nutrition, Kongju National University, Yesan 32439, Korea.
³ Division of Food and Nutrition, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea.
⁴ Department of Food and Nutrition, Dongshin University, Naju 58245, Korea.
⁵ Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea.

Abstract

Background/objectives: This study aimed to compare 24-h diet recall (DR) and 24-h urine collection (UC) for estimating sodium and potassium intakes and their ratio (Na/K), identifying factors associated with sodium and potassium intakes and Na/K, and identifying those who were likely to underestimate sodium and potassium intakes by DR.

Subjects/methods: A total of 640 healthy adults aged 19-69 yrs completed a questionnaire survey, salty taste assessment, anthropometric measurement, two 24-h DRs, and two 24-h UCs.

Results: The mean sodium and potassium intakes and Na/K were 3,755 mg/d, 2,737 mg/d, and 1.45 according to DR, and 4,145 mg/d, 2,812 mg/d, and 1.57 according to UC, with percentage differences of -9.4%, -2.7%, and -7.6% in the values between the two methods, respectively. Men, older adults, smokers, obese individuals, those who consumed all the liquid in the soup, and those who were found to be salty in the salty taste assessment consumed significantly more sodium; older adults, the heavy- activity group, and obese individuals consumed more potassium; and men, younger adults, smokers, and obese individuals had a significantly higher Na/K, according to UC. Compared with UC, DR was more likely to underestimate sodium intake in older adults, smokers, obese individuals, those who consumed all the liquid in the soup, and those who consumed eating-out/delivery food at least once a day, and potassium intake in older adults, the heavy-activity group, and obese individuals.

Conclusions: The mean sodium and potassium intakes and Na/K estimated by DR were comparable to those measured by UC. However, the association of sodium and potassium intakes with sociodemographic and health-related factors showed inconsistent results when estimated by DR and UC. Factors influencing the underestimation of sodium intake by DR compared to UC should be further investigated.

Keywords: Sodium; diet; potassium; urine.