Synchronized electrochemical detection of hydroquinone and catechol in real water samples using a Co@SnO2-polyaniline composite

Qasar Saleem; Sammia Shahid; Mohsin Javed; Shahid Iqbal; Abdur Rahim; Sana Mansoor; Ali Bahadur; Nasser S Awwad; Hala A Ibrahium; Rasmiah S Almufarij; Eslam B Elkaeed

doi:10.1039/d3ra00668a

Synchronized electrochemical detection of hydroquinone and catechol in real water samples using a Co@SnO₂-polyaniline composite

RSC Adv. 2023 Mar 29;13(15):10017-10028. doi: 10.1039/d3ra00668a. eCollection 2023 Mar 27.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Department of Chemistry, School of Science, University of Management and Technology Lahore 54770 Pakistan.
² Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences (SNS), National University of Science and Technology (NUST) H-12 Islamabad 46000 Pakistan shahidgcs10@yahoo.com.
³ Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad Pakistan.
⁴ Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Technology, Wenzhou-Kean University Wenzhou 325060 China abahadur@wku.edu.cn.
⁵ Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University P. O. Box 9004 Abha 61413 Saudi Arabia.
⁶ Biology Department, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University P. O. Box 9004 Abha 61413 Saudi Arabia.
⁷ Department of Semi Pilot Plant, Nuclear Materials Authority P. O. Box 530, El Maadi Egypt.
⁸ Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University P. O. Box 84428 Riyadh 11671 Saudi Arabia.
⁹ Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, AlMaarefa University Riyadh 13713 Saudi Arabia.

Abstract

The conductive composite Co@SnO₂-PANI was successfully synthesized using hydrothermal/oxidative synthesis. Using differential pulse voltammetry, a glassy carbon electrode modified with a CoSnO₂-PANI (polyaniline)-based electrochemical biosensor has been created for the quick detection of two phenolics, hydroquinone (Hq) and catechol (Cat). Differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) measurements revealed two well-resolved, strong peaks for GCE@Co-SnO₂-PANI, which corresponded to the oxidation of Hq and Cat at 275.87 mV and +373.76 mV, respectively. The oxidation peaks of Hq and Cat mixtures were defined and separated at a pH of 8.5. High conductivity and remarkable selectivity reproducibility was tested by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, chronoamperometry, and cyclic voltammetry techniques in standard solution and real water samples. The proposed biosensor displayed a low detection limit of 4.94 nM (Hq) and 1.5786 nM (Cat), as well as a large linear range stretching from 2 × 10^-2 M to 2 × 10^-1 M. The real-sample testing showed a good recovery for the immediate detection of Hq (96.4% recovery) and Cat (98.8% recovery) using the investigated sensing apparatus. The synthesized biosensor was characterized by XRD, FTIR, energy dispersive spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy.