Over the years, scientific research concerning the qualitative analysis of bile and its use in diagnostics and treatment, have been very limited. Due to unsatisfactory results of detection, inter alia, cholangiocarcinoma or gallbladder carcinoma, and the necessity to discover more efficient techniques of diagnostics, bile has become an interesting direction to study. Nowadays, thanks to the latest research, analysis of concentration i.e. specific bile salts, proteins, nucleic or fatty acids in bile or imbalance of biliary microbiome, could play a crucial role in cancer detection or prognosis of progression such diseases as primary sclerosing cholangitis/ choledocholithiasis. This review article provides an overview of individual biliary solutes, which may play a role in diagnostics improvement.