Inpatient Hepatology Consultation: A Practical Approach for Clinicians

Abstract

Cirrhosis is the end-stage of chronic liver disease and constitutes a leading cause of potential years of working life lost, especially in the Americas and Europe. Its natural history is characterized by an asymptomatic phase called compensated cirrhosis, followed by a rapidly progressive phase characterized by liver-related complications termed decompensated cirrhosis. Complications could be related to portal hypertension and/or liver dysfunction, including ascites, portal hypertensive gastrointestinal bleeding, encephalopathy, and jaundice. This review will discuss some of the most important precipitants of hepatic decompensation, including acute variceal bleeding, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, and hepatic encephalopathy.

Keywords: Acute variceal bleeding; Cirrhosis; Clinically significant portal hypertension; Decompensated cirrhosis; Esophagogastroduodenoscopy; Hepatic encephalopathy; Serum-ascites albumin gradient; Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis.