Background: Current guidelines for CT perfusion (CTP) in acute stroke suggest acquiring scans with a minimal duration of 60-70 s. But even then, CTP analysis can be affected by truncation artifacts. Conversely, shorter acquisitions are still widely used in clinical practice and may, sometimes, be sufficient to reliably estimate lesion volumes. We aim to devise an automatic method that detects scans affected by truncation artifacts.
Methods: Shorter scan durations are simulated from the ISLES'18 dataset by consecutively removing the last CTP time-point until reaching a 10 s duration. For each truncated series, perfusion lesion volumes are quantified and used to label the series as unreliable if the lesion volumes considerably deviate from the original untruncated ones. Afterwards, nine features from the arterial input function (AIF) and the vascular output function (VOF) are derived and used to fit machine-learning models with the goal of detecting unreliably truncated scans. Methods are compared against a baseline classifier solely based on the scan duration, which is the current clinical standard. The ROC-AUC, precision-recall AUC and the F1-score are measured in a 5-fold cross-validation setting.
Results: The best performing classifier obtained an ROC-AUC of 0.982, precision-recall AUC of 0.985 and F1-score of 0.938. The most important feature was the AIFcoverage, measured as the time difference between the scan duration and the AIF peak. When using the AIFcoverage to build a single feature classifier, an ROC-AUC of 0.981, precision-recall AUC of 0.984 and F1-score of 0.932 were obtained. In comparison, the baseline classifier obtained an ROC-AUC of 0.954, precision-recall AUC of 0.958 and F1-Score of 0.875.
Conclusions: Machine learning models fed with AIF and VOF features accurately detected unreliable stroke lesion measurements due to insufficient acquisition duration. The AIFcoverage was the most predictive feature of truncation and identified unreliable short scans almost as good as machine learning. We conclude that AIF/VOF based classifiers are more accurate than the scans' duration for detecting truncation. These methods could be transferred to perfusion analysis software in order to increase the interpretability of CTP outputs.
Copyright: © 2023 de la Rosa et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.