The principles of the 3Rs (replace, reduce, refine), as originally published by Russell and Burch, are internationally acclaimed guidelines for meeting ethical and welfare standards in animal experimentation. Genome manipulation is a standard technique in biomedical research and beyond. The goal of this chapter is to give practical advice on the implementation of the 3Rs in laboratories generating genetically modified rodents. We cover 3R aspects from the planning phase through operations of the transgenic unit to the final genome-manipulated animals. The focus of our chapter is on an easy-to-use, concise protocol that is close to a checklist. While we focus on mice, the proposed methodological concepts can be easily adapted for the manipulation of other sentient animals.
Keywords: 3Rs (Replace, Refine, Reduce); Animal welfare; Genome editing; Genome manipulation; Harm-benefit analysis; Transgenesis.
© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.