Increased bladder injury rate during emergency and repeat cesarean section

Ali S Khalil; Suneet Flora; Karen Hagglund; Muhammad Aslam

doi:10.4274/jtgga.galenos.2023.2022-6-15

Increased bladder injury rate during emergency and repeat cesarean section

J Turk Ger Gynecol Assoc. 2023 Jun 7;24(2):97-100. doi: 10.4274/jtgga.galenos.2023.2022-6-15. Epub 2023 Mar 30.

Authors

Ali S Khalil¹, Suneet Flora¹, Karen Hagglund², Muhammad Aslam^{1

3

4}

Affiliations

¹ Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ascension St. John Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
² Department Biomedical Investigations and Research Ascension, Ascension St. John Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
³ Department of Female Pelvic Medicine and Reconstructive Surgery, Ascension St. John Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
⁴ Michigan State University, Lansing, Michigan, United States of America

PMID: 36991584
PMCID: PMC10258575
DOI: 10.4274/jtgga.galenos.2023.2022-6-15

Abstract

Objective: Bladder injury is one of the complications of cesarean section (CS). It is reported that the overall incidence of bladder injury is 0.22-0.44% of CS. It is, however, unclear what factors influence this rate. The aim of this study was to determine if there is a difference in bladder injury rate between scheduled and emergency CS, as well as in primary and repeat CS at a large metropolitan hospital that serves a population at high risk for obstetric complications. In addition, the use of urology consultation following bladder injury and whether demographic factors and labor characteristics affect the rate of bladder injury were investigated.

Material and methods: A total of 8,488 records were reviewed (4,292 primary CS and 4,196 repeat CS) from January 1, 2013 to December 31, 2020. The incidence of bladder injury was calculated and the rate of intraoperative urology/urogynecology consultation was recorded. Then the association between bladder injury and intraoperative urology/urogynecology consultation and between bladder injury and maternal age, body mass index (BMI), and gestational age were compared.

Results: There was a significant increase in risk of bladder injury in repeat CS versus primary CS (p=0.01). There was also a significant increase in risk of bladder injury in emergency CS versus scheduled CS (p=0.04). Intraoperative urogynecology/urology consultations were significantly higher in the bladder injury versus no bladder injury groups (p<0.0001). Both emergency CS and repeat CS are predictors of bladder injury with odd ratios of 5.7 and 7.4, respectively.

Conclusion: These results add to the existing evidence that bladder injury is a rare complication in CS that may occur more often in women undergoing repeat or emergency CS than primary or scheduled CS. Given that the risk increases with repeat or emergency CS, patients should be made aware of such risks and surgeons should make careful intraoperative considerations with close postoperative follow-ups.

Keywords: Bladder; cesarean; urogynecology.

©Copyright 2023 by the Turkish-German Gynecological Education and Research Foundation. Journal of the Turkish-German Gynecological Association is published by Galenos Publishing House. Licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC-ND) 4.0 International License.