Clinical features and outcomes of patients with diacylglycerol kinase epsilon nephropathy: a nationwide experience

Abstract

Background: Thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) is usually caused due to dysregulation of the alternative complement pathway. Rarely, thrombotic microangiopathy is caused by non-complement mediated mutations in diacylglycerol kinase epsilon (DGKE); information about therapy and outcome of these patients is limited.

Methods: Medical records of patients, younger than 18 years, diagnosed with TMA and variants in DGKE were reviewed to include 12 patients from seven centers. Genetic studies included targeted exome sequencing and multiplex-ligation dependent probe amplification of CFH-CFHR5.

Results: Patients presented at a median age of 11 (7.5, 12.3) months; all were younger than 2 years. All patients had an infectious prodrome; enteroinvasive, enteropathogenic, and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli were detected in two patients with diarrhea. Chief features included those of microangiopathic hemolysis (n = 11), microscopic hematuria (n = 10), nephrotic range proteinuria (n = 10), hypoalbuminemia (n = 6), elevated total cholesterol (n = 6), and hypocomplementemia (n = 4). Histopathology showed thrombotic microangiopathy (n = 4), overlapping with membranoproliferative pattern of injury (n = 1). At median 3.3 years of follow-up, significant hypertension and/or proteinuria (40%), relapses (66.7%), and death or progression to CKD (60%) were common. Genetic sequencing showed 13 homozygous and compound heterozygous variants (7 pathogenic, 3 likely pathogenic) located throughout DGKE; 11 variants were novel.

Conclusions: This case series highlights the need to suspect DGKE nephropathy in young patients with TMA, especially those with severe proteinuria. Medium-term outcomes are unsatisfactory with risk of relapses, progressive kidney failure, and death. A higher resolution version of the Graphical abstract is available as Supplementary information.

Keywords: Hemolytic uremic syndrome; Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis; Thrombotic microangiopathy.