Periodically oscillating biological processes, such as circadian rhythms, are carefully concerted events that are only beginning to be understood in the context of tissue pathology and organismal health, as well as the molecular mechanisms underlying these interactions. Recent reports indicate that light can independently entrain peripheral circadian clocks, challenging the currently prevalent hierarchical model. Despite the recent progress that has been made, a comprehensive overview of these periodic processes in skin is lacking in the literature. In this review, molecular circadian clock machinery and the factors that govern it have been highlighted. Circadian rhythm is closely linked to immunological processes and skin homeostasis, and its desynchrony can be linked to the perturbation of the skin. The interplay between circadian rhythm and annual, seasonal oscillations, as well as the impact of these periodic events on the skin, is described. Finally, the changes that occur in the skin over a lifespan are presented. This work encourages further research into the oscillating biological processes occurring in the skin and lays the foundation for future strategies to combat the adverse effects of desynchrony, which would likely have implications in other tissues influenced by periodic oscillatory processes.
Keywords: bmal1; chronobiology; circadian rhythms; clock; entrainment; skin.