Comparison of Antimicrobial Resistance among Commensal Escherichia coli Isolated from Retail Table Eggs Produced by Laying Hens from the Cage and Non-Cage Housing Systems in Western Australia

Hamid Reza Sodagari; Csaba Varga; Ihab Habib; Shafi Sahibzada

doi:10.3390/antibiotics12030588

Comparison of Antimicrobial Resistance among Commensal Escherichia coli Isolated from Retail Table Eggs Produced by Laying Hens from the Cage and Non-Cage Housing Systems in Western Australia

Antibiotics (Basel). 2023 Mar 15;12(3):588. doi: 10.3390/antibiotics12030588.

Authors

Hamid Reza Sodagari¹, Csaba Varga^{1

2}, Ihab Habib^{3

4}, Shafi Sahibzada^{5

6}

Affiliations

¹ Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, USA.
² Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, USA.
³ Veterinary Public Health Research Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 1555, United Arab Emirates.
⁴ Department of Environmental Health, High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21511, Egypt.
⁵ Antimicrobial Resistance and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia.
⁶ Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia.

Abstract

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has become a global public health concern in recent decades. Although several investigations evaluated AMR in commensal and pathogenic bacteria from different foods of animal origin in Australia, there is a lack of studies that compared AMR in commensal E. coli isolated from retail table eggs obtained from different laying hen housing systems. This study aimed to determine AMR and differences in AMR patterns among E. coli isolates recovered from retail table eggs sourced from caged and non-caged housing systems in Western Australia. Commensal E. coli isolates were tested for susceptibility to 14 antimicrobials using a broth microdilution method. Clustering analyses and logistic regression models were applied to identify patterns and differences in AMR. Overall, there were moderate to high frequencies of resistance to the antimicrobials of lower importance used in Australian human medicine (tetracycline, ampicillin, trimethoprim, and sulfamethoxazole) in the isolates sourced from the eggs of two production systems. All E. coli isolates were susceptible to all critically important antimicrobials except the very low level of resistance to ciprofloxacin. E. coli isolates from eggs of non-caged systems had higher odds of resistance to tetracycline (OR = 5.76, p < 0.001) and ampicillin (OR = 3.42, p ≤ 0.01) compared to the isolates from eggs of caged systems. Moreover, the number of antimicrobials to which an E. coli isolate was resistant was significantly higher in table eggs from non-caged systems than isolates from caged systems' eggs. Considering the conservative approach in using antimicrobials in the Australian layer flocks, our findings highlight the potential role of the environment or human-related factors in the dissemination and emergence of AMR in commensal E. coli, particularly in retail table eggs of non-cage system origin. Further comprehensive epidemiological studies are required to better understand the role of different egg production systems in the emergence and dissemination of AMR in commensal E. coli.

Keywords: Australia; E. coli; antibiotic resistance; egg production system; multidrug resistance; retail eggs.

Grants and funding

This research was supported by a Ph.D. Scholarship from Murdoch University and a postdoctoral research associate fund from the Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign given to Hamid Reza Sodagari.