Integrated assessment of the impact of land use changes on groundwater recharge and groundwater level in the Drava floodplain, Hungary

Ali Salem; Yasir Abduljaleel; József Dezső; Dénes Lóczy

doi:10.1038/s41598-022-21259-4

Integrated assessment of the impact of land use changes on groundwater recharge and groundwater level in the Drava floodplain, Hungary

Sci Rep. 2023 Mar 28;13(1):5061. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-21259-4.

Authors

Ali Salem^{1

2}, Yasir Abduljaleel³, József Dezső⁴, Dénes Lóczy⁴

Affiliations

¹ Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Minia University, Minia, 61111, Egypt. alisalem@gamma.ttk.pte.hu.
² Doctoral School of Earth Sciences, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 6, 7624, Pecs, Hungary. alisalem@gamma.ttk.pte.hu.
³ Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Washington State University, Richland, WA, 99354, USA.
⁴ Faculty of Sciences, Institute of Geography and Earth Sciences, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 6, 7624, Pecs, Hungary.

Abstract

Land-use/land-cover (LULC) change is considered a key human factor influencing groundwater recharge in floodplains. Without accurate estimations, the impact of LULC change on water balance components may be either significantly understated or exaggerated. This paper assesses the impacts of LULC changes from 1990 to 2018 on water balance components and groundwater levels of the Drava floodplain, Hungary, where human interference has led to a critical environmental situation. In this study, a spatially-distributed water balance model (WetSpass-M), and a groundwater flow model (MODFLOW-NWT) were integrated to assess the impacts of LULC changes. The moderate expansion of built-up areas increased surface runoff, while the afforestation of arable land and meadows and the overgrowth of bare mudflats with willow shrubs increased evapotranspiration. As a consequence, total annual groundwater recharge decreased by 5.3 × 10⁷ m³ in the floodplain with an average of 335 mm year^-1 and 317 mm year^-1 in 2012 and 2018, respectively. Moreover, an average groundwater level decline by 0.1 m is observed in the same period. Declined groundwater recharge, increased runoff, and evapotranspiration exerted a negative effect on water resources in the Drava basin. The approach tested in this paper allows temporal and spatial estimation of hydrological components under the changes of LULC, providing quantitative information for decision-makers and stakeholders to implement efficient and sustainable management of water resources in the Drava floodplain. The provided integrated model is also applicable to regionally.