Petrographic, mineralogical, morphological and organic constraints of the Permian shaly-coal in the Tuli Basin of Limpopo-Area Karoo-Aged basin, South Africa: Implication for potential gas generation

George Oluwole Akintola; Francis Amponsah-Dacosta; Steven Rupprecht; Sphiwe Emmanuel Mhlongo

doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14446

Petrographic, mineralogical, morphological and organic constraints of the Permian shaly-coal in the Tuli Basin of Limpopo-Area Karoo-Aged basin, South Africa: Implication for potential gas generation

Heliyon. 2023 Mar 11;9(3):e14446. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14446. eCollection 2023 Mar.

Authors

George Oluwole Akintola¹, Francis Amponsah-Dacosta¹, Steven Rupprecht², Sphiwe Emmanuel Mhlongo¹

Affiliations

¹ Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Agriculture, University of Venda, Private Bag X5050 Thohoyandou 0950 Limpopo Province South Africa.
² Department of Mining Engineering, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa.

Abstract

The transition to a low-carbon energy source from coal has become imperative to mitigating the escalating climate change crisis. This study aims to investigate the organic-rich shale core samples of the Limpopo-Area Karoo Basin, retrieved from the borehole at depth 480-580 m. These samples were subjected to petrographic, mineralogical, morphological, and kerogen-type analysis to investigate potentials for shale gas generation. The petrographic analysis reveals maceral group mainly comprised of vitrinite group with some liptinite and inertinite and mineral compositions. The preponderance of pyrite framboids (1.6-12%) indicate redox of FeS₂ as a precursor to methane gas generation in anoxic condition. The x-ray diffractometer (XRD) reveals the presence of quartz, albite, microcline, dolomite, pyrite and clay minerals which alluded to the mineral composition indicated by the petrographic analysis. The clay mineral component consists of montmorillonite, illite, chlorite, and mixed layered illite/smectite (I/S) in the Madzaringwe samples. The representative scanning electron microscopy-Energy Dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX) images of the studied shales depict a combination of organic-matter, groundmass mineral, micro-fracture pore structures reflecting polyframboidal pyrite and carbonate dissolution morphology. The total organic carbon (TOC) contents averaging at 47 wt%, indicating an excellent source rock. The Rock-Eval 6 programmed pyrolysis samples showed S2 value (15.25-16.47 mg HC/g rock) with an average of 15.69 mg HC/g rock and Hydrogen index (HI) (34.0-37.0 mg HC/g TOC) indicating a Type-III Kerogen dominance prone to gas generation. The shale showed Tmax values (464-470 °C) averaging at 467.2 °C, yielding a thermally mature condensate wet-gas. This study reveals that the Permian carbonaceous rock tends to generate gas which can be hosted mainly by the organic matter pore structures, inorganic and micro-fracture pore structures.

Keywords: Back-bulge; Condensate gas; Kerogen; Madzaringwe shale; Shale gas potential.