Objectives: The role of startups has been growing in healthcare delivery, particularly in telehealth and telemedicine. Yet, little has been published about their role in evolving digital healthcare ecosystem. This study aimed to review the literature on telehealth startups to understand their roles, challenges, business models, and directions for sustainable innovation and commercialization.
Methods: Ten databases were screened: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, IEEE Xplore, ACM digital library, EBSCOhost, Embase, Medline, Cochrane review, and PsycINFO. The articles were shortlisted based on pre-determined screening criteria, and qualitative synthesis was performed. The quality of included studies was assessed using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool. Cohen's K was calculated to ensure the reliability of the authors scoring on the quality appraisal test and qualitative synthesis.
Results: 26 articles were included in the review. Findings are clubbed under five themes: remote and on-demand healthcare; healthcare data management; digital therapeutics; high-tech driven personalized care; and information integration and exchange. Technical infrastructure, regulation, and revenue generation were identified as major challenges for telehealth start-ups. Osterwalder business canvas was the predominantly used model. Value perspectives were recognized for a sustainable telehealth innovation and its commercialization.
Conclusion: Telehealth startups are evolving to meet digital healthcare needs and playing a significant role in teleconsultations, telemonitoring, and electronic health record solutions. Recently, their focus has shifted towards smartphone-enabled AI-driven personalized care, including digital therapeutics and wearable device innovation. They have significant technical and operational challenges in innovation and commercialization to optimize their role. The review also provides researchers with a new understanding of telehealth startups' sustainable innovation and commercialization through the systematic direction of value proposition, creation, and capture.
Keywords: Business; Digital health; Health-tech; Teleconsultation; Telemedicine; Venture.
Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.