Toward the High-Performance Lithium Primary Batteries by Chemically Modified Fluorinate Carbon with δ-MnO2

Luyu Li; Ruizhe Wu; Hancheng Ma; Bingbing Cheng; Shaoqing Rao; Sheng Lin; Chunbo Xu; Lei Li; Yao Ding; Liqiang Mai

doi:10.1002/smll.202300762

Toward the High-Performance Lithium Primary Batteries by Chemically Modified Fluorinate Carbon with δ-MnO₂

Small. 2023 Jun;19(26):e2300762. doi: 10.1002/smll.202300762. Epub 2023 Mar 22.

Authors

Luyu Li¹, Ruizhe Wu², Hancheng Ma¹, Bingbing Cheng³, Shaoqing Rao¹, Sheng Lin¹, Chunbo Xu³, Lei Li³, Yao Ding¹, Liqiang Mai^{1

4}

Affiliations

¹ School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China.
² Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials Co-constructed by the Province and Ministry, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, P. R. China.
³ Wuhan Institute of Marine Electric Propulsion, Wuhan, 430064, P. R. China.
⁴ Hainan Institute, Wuhan University of Technology, Sanya, 572000, P. R. China.

PMID: 36950757
DOI: 10.1002/smll.202300762

Abstract

Li/CF_x battery is one of the most promising lithium primary batteries (LPBs) which yields the highest energy density but with poor rate capability. This Achilles'' heel hinders the large-scale applications of Li/CF_x batteries. This work first reports a facile chemical modification method of CF_x with δ-MnO₂ . Having benefited from the chemical bonding, the electrochemical performance at high-rate discharge is remarkably enhanced without compromising the specific capacity. The coin cells exhibit an energy density of 1.94 × 10³ Wh kg^-1 at 0.2 C, which is approaching the theoretical energy density of commercial fluorinated graphite (2.07 × 10³ Wh kg^-1 ). A power density of 5.49 × 10⁴ W kg^-1 at 40 C associated with an energy density of 4.39 × 10² Wh kg^-1 , which is among the highest value of Li/CF_x batteries, are obtained. Besides, the punch batteries achieve an ultrahigh power density of 4.39 × 10⁴ W kg^-1 with an energy density of 7.60 × 10² Wh kg^-1 at 30 C. The intrinsic reasons for this outstanding electrochemical performance, which are known as the fast Li⁺ diffusion kinetics guided by thin δ-MnO₂ flakes and the low formation energy barrier caused by chemical bonding, are explored by the galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT) and theoretical calculations.

Keywords: chemical bonding; fluorinate carbon; lithium primary batteries; δ-MnO 2.

Abstract

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