Hydrothermally synthesized titanium/hydroxyapatite as photoactive and antibacterial biomaterial

Is Fatimah; Habibi Hidayat; Putwi Widya Citradewi; Muchammad Tamyiz; Ruey-An Doong; Suresh Sagadevan

doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14434

Hydrothermally synthesized titanium/hydroxyapatite as photoactive and antibacterial biomaterial

Heliyon. 2023 Mar 11;9(3):e14434. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14434. eCollection 2023 Mar.

Authors

Is Fatimah¹, Habibi Hidayat¹, Putwi Widya Citradewi¹, Muchammad Tamyiz^{2

3}, Ruey-An Doong³, Suresh Sagadevan^{1

4}

Affiliations

¹ Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Islam Indonesia, Kampus Terpadu UII, Jl. Kaliurang Km 14, Sleman, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
² Universitas Nahdlatul Ulama Sidoarjo, Jl. Lingkar Timur KM 5,5 Rangkah Kidul, Kecamatan Sidoarjo, Kabupaten Sidoarjo, Jawa Timur, 61234, Indonesia.
³ Institute of Analytical and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Sec 2, Kuang Fu Road, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan.
⁴ Nanotechnology & Catalysis Research Centre, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia.

Abstract

The present work investigated hydrothermal synthesis of titanium/hydroxyapatite (Ti/HA) nanocomposite at varied Ti content. The synthesis was performed by coprecipitation method using CaO, ammonium dihydrogen phosphate and titanium oxide chloride precursor with the additional cetyl trimethyl ammonium chloride as templating agent, followed by hydrothermal treatment at 150 °C. The derived materials were characterized by x-ray diffraction, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy analyses. The photocatalytic properties of materials were tested on methyl violet (MV) photocatalytic oxidation, meanwhile the antibacterial testing was performed against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumonia, and Streptococcus pyogenes. In addition, cytotoxicity evaluation of the materials as potential biomaterial was also conducted. The results showed that physicochemical character of Ti/HA exhibits exhibit the excellent properties to be photocatalyst along with antibacterial activity. From the detail study of effect of varied titanium content ranging from 5 to 10 %wt., the increasing crystallite size of anatase phase of about 25.81 nm and 38.22 nm for Ti content of 5 and 10 % wt., respectively. In other side, the band gap energy value increases as the increasing Ti content, i.e. the values are 3.08; 3.18; and 3.20 eV for Ti content of 5, 10, 20 % wt., respectively. The band gap energy is correlated with the photocatalytic activity which the highest MV degradation was 96.46% over Ti/HA with 20% wt. of Ti (Ti20/HA). The nanocomposites also express the antibacterial activity with comparable minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) with other similar Ti/HA nanocomposites. The MIC values of Ti20/HA against E. coli, S. aureus, K. pneumonia, and S. pyogenes are 25; 25; 50 and 50 μg/mL, respectively. In addition, the cytotoxicity test revealed the potency to be a biomimetic material as shown by severe toxicity.

Keywords: Antibacterial; Cytotoxicity; Hydroxyapatite; Photocatalyst; Titanium nanoparticles.