Step-adaptive sound guidance enhances locomotor-respiratory coupling in novice female runners: A proof-of-concept study

Eric Harbour; Vincent van Rheden; Hermann Schwameder; Thomas Finkenzeller

doi:10.3389/fspor.2023.1112663

Step-adaptive sound guidance enhances locomotor-respiratory coupling in novice female runners: A proof-of-concept study

Front Sports Act Living. 2023 Mar 1:5:1112663. doi: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1112663. eCollection 2023.

Authors

Eric Harbour¹, Vincent van Rheden², Hermann Schwameder¹, Thomas Finkenzeller¹

Affiliations

¹ Department of Sport and Exercise Science, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.
² Department of Artificial Intelligence and Human Interfaces, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.

Abstract

Introduction: Many runners struggle to find a rhythm during running. This may be because 20-40% of runners experience unexplained, unpleasant breathlessness at exercise onset. Locomotor-respiratory coupling (LRC), a synchronization phenomenon in which the breath is precisely timed with the steps, may provide metabolic or perceptual benefits to address these limitations. It can also be consciously performed. Hence, we developed a custom smartphone application to provide real-time LRC guidance based on individual step rate.

Methods: Sixteen novice-intermediate female runners completed two control runs outdoors and indoors at a self-selected speed with auditory step rate feedback. Then, the runs were replicated with individualized breath guidance at specific LRC ratios. Hexoskin smart shirts were worn and analyzed with custom algorithms to estimate continuous LRC frequency and phase coupling.

Results: LRC guidance led to a large significant increase in frequency coupling outdoor from 26.3 ± 10.7 (control) to 69.9 ± 20.0 % (LRC) "attached". There were similarly large differences in phase coupling between paired trials, and LRC adherence was stronger for the indoor treadmill runs versus outdoors. There was large inter-individual variability in running pace, preferred LRC ratio, and instruction adherence metrics.

Discussion: Our approach demonstrates how personalized, step-adaptive sound guidance can be used to support this breathing strategy in novice runners. Subsequent investigations should evaluate the skill learning of LRC on a longer time basis to effectively clarify its risks and advantages.

Keywords: breathing strategies; breathing techniques; entrainment; locomotor-respiratory coupling; running; synchronization.

Grants and funding

This work was partly funded by the Austrian Federal Ministry for Transport, Innovation and Technology, the Austrian Federal Ministry for Digital and Economic Affairs, and the federal state of Salzburg under the research program COMET—Competence Centers for Excellent Technologies—in the project Digital Motion in Sports, Fitness and Well-being (DiMo).