Collecting health-related research data using consumer-based wireless smart scales

Erlend Johannessen; Jonas Johansson; Gunnar Hartvigsen; Alexander Horsch; Eirik Årsand; André Henriksen

doi:10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2023.105043

Collecting health-related research data using consumer-based wireless smart scales

Int J Med Inform. 2023 May:173:105043. doi: 10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2023.105043. Epub 2023 Mar 14.

Authors

Erlend Johannessen¹, Jonas Johansson², Gunnar Hartvigsen³, Alexander Horsch⁴, Eirik Årsand⁴, André Henriksen⁴

Affiliations

¹ Department of Computer Science, UiT, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway. Electronic address: erlend.johannessen@uit.no.
² Department of Community Medicine, UiT, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
³ Department of Computer Science, UiT, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway; Department of Health and Nursing Science, University of Agder, Grimstad, Norway.
⁴ Department of Computer Science, UiT, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.

PMID: 36934610
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2023.105043

Abstract

Background: Serious public-health concerns such as overweight and obesity are in many cases caused by excess intake of food combined with decreases in physical activity. Smart scales with wireless data transfer can, together with smart watches and trackers, observe changes in the population's health. They can present us with a picture of our metabolism, body health, and disease risks. Combining body composition data with physical activity measurements from devices such as smart watches could contribute to building a human digital twin.

Objective: The objectives of this study were to (1) investigate the evolution of smart scales in the last decade, (2) map status and supported sensors of smart scales, (3) get an overview of how smart scales have been used in research, and (4) identify smart scales for current and future research.

Method: We searched for devices through web shops and smart scale tests/reviews, extracting data from the manufacturer's official website, user manuals when available, and data from web shops. We also searched scientific literature databases for smart scale usage in scientific papers.

Result: We identified 165 smart scales with a wireless connection from 72 different manufacturers, released between 2009 and end of 2021. Of these devices, 49 (28%) had been discontinued by end of 2021. We found that the use of major variables such as fat and muscle mass have been as good as constant over the years, and that minor variables such as visceral fat and protein mass have increased since 2015. The main contribution is a representative overview of consumer grade smart scales between 2009 and 2021.

Conclusion: The last six years have seen a distinct increase of these devices in the marketplace, measuring body composition with bone mass, muscle mass, fat mass, and water mass, in addition to weight. Still, the number of research projects featuring connected smart scales are few. One reason could be the lack of professionally accurate measurements, though trend analysis might be a more feasible usage scenario.

Keywords: Body analysis; Body composition; Connected smart scales; Data collection.

MeSH terms

Exercise*
Humans
Obesity*