Two experiments employing an identity matching-to-sample procedure were carried out to clarify the factors affecting global-local visual processing of capuchin monkeys (Sapajus spp.) in comparison with humans. In the first experiment, we assessed the relative ability of the two species to discriminate high, medium, or low spatial frequencies (HSFs, MSFs, or LSFs). Then, in a second experiment, we determined if the use of a procedure designed to induce a bias toward attending given spatial frequencies could produce a top-down or selection-history modulation of global-local visual processing in capuchins and humans. In the first experiment, monkeys discriminated better HSFs. By contrast, humans discriminated better MSFs and LSFs. The second experiment showed an effect of SF processing on global-local processing in both species. However, this effect was confined to local trials only and occurred under different conditions in the two species. In monkeys, it occurred following a bias toward attending HSFs, whereas in humans, it occurred following a bias toward attending LSFs. These results provide new information about the relative sensitivity of humans and capuchins to different spatial frequencies in vision. Moreover, they suggest that global-local visual processing can be modulated in both humans and monkeys by processes that are not confined to attending one or the other level of stimulus structure. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).