Production of herbal toothpaste: Physical, organoleptic, phyto-compound, and antimicrobial properties

Olugbenga Oludayo Oluwasina; Suleiman Oladokun Idris; Clement Olusola Ogidi; Festus O Igbe

doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13892

Production of herbal toothpaste: Physical, organoleptic, phyto-compound, and antimicrobial properties

Heliyon. 2023 Feb 28;9(3):e13892. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13892. eCollection 2023 Mar.

Authors

Olugbenga Oludayo Oluwasina¹, Suleiman Oladokun Idris¹, Clement Olusola Ogidi², Festus O Igbe³

Affiliations

¹ Department of Chemistry, The Federal University of Technology Akure, PMB 704, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria.
² Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, Olusegun Agagu University of Science and Technology, PMB 353, Okitipupa, Nigeria.
³ Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria.

Abstract

Objective: To investigate the possibility of producing dental antimicrobial toothpaste from Allium cepa L skin chaff, Azadirachta indica A. seed, and Tetrapleura tetraptera pod extracts.

Methods: Ethanolic extracts of the three plant materials were obtained. These were subjected to phytochemical and GC-MS analyses. The different extract combinations were used for the production of various toothpaste. The toothpaste's physical, organoleptic, and antimicrobial properties were determined.

Results: From the phytochemical analysis, Allium cepa has the highest phenolic (1.20 mgGAE/g), saponin (14.80%), tannin (0.11 mg/g) and DPPH (82.80%), Tetrapleura tetraptera has the highest flavonoid (0.33 mg RE/g), and alkaloid (20.50 mg/g) while, Azadirachta indica has the highest oxalate (77.50 mg/g). The GC-MS revealed significant chemical components of Allium cepa as 1-heptatriacotanol, germacra-1(10),4,11(13)-trien-12-oic acid, 6-alpha-hydroxy-,gamma-lactone, (E,E)-, 11H-Indeno [1,2b] quinoxaline, 2-methyl- while Azadirachta indica have butyl benzoate, benzoic acid, hexyl ester, hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester and Tetrapleura tetraptera have the following 15-hydroxypentadecanoic acid, cis-9-hexadecenal, and 11,13-dimethyl-12-tetradecen-1-ol acetate. All the produced toothpaste has a brown colour and a pleasant smell, with pH from 7.30 to 8.10 and foamability from 19.23% of stand-alone toothpaste to 44.44% of Allium cepa-based. Amongst the produced toothpaste Allium cepa-based toothpaste has the best antimicrobial activities against the tested bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca) and fungi (Candida albicans and Candida parapsilosis). The stand-alone toothpaste has the lowest minimum inhibitory concentration of 1.25 mg/mL against bacteria and fungi.

Clinical significance: The study provides information on the production of human health-friendly dental antimicrobial toothpaste from plant materials.

Keywords: Allium cepa; Antimicrobial; Azadirachta indica; Organoleptic; Tetrapleura tetraptera; Toothpaste.