Background: Prolonged morphine treatment in infancy is associated with a high incidence of opioid tolerance and dependence, but our knowledge of the long-term consequences of this treatment is sparse. Using a rodent model, we examined the (1) short- and (2) long-term effects of prolonged morphine administration in infancy on body weight and brain volume, and (3) we evaluated if subsequent dosing in adulthood poses an increased brain vulnerability.
Methods: Newborn rats received subcutaneous injections of either morphine or equal volume of saline twice daily for the first two weeks of life. In adulthood, animals received an additional two weeks of saline or morphine injections before undergoing structural brain MRI. After completion of treatment, structural T2-weigthed MRI images were acquired on a 7 T preclinical scanner (Bruker) using a RARE FSE sequence. Total and regional brain volumes were manually extracted from the MRI images using ITK-SNAP (v.3.6). Regions of interest included the brainstem, the cerebellum, as well as the forebrain and its components: the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and deep gray matter (including basal ganglia, thalamus, hypothalamus, ventral tegmental area). Absolute (cm3) and normalized (as % total brain volume) values were compared using a one-way ANOVA with Tukey HSD post-hoc test.
Results: Prolonged morphine administration in infancy was associated with lower body weight and globally smaller brain volumes, which was not different between the sexes. In adulthood, females had lower body weights than males, but no difference was observed in brain volumes between treatment groups. Our results are suggestive of no long-term effect of prolonged morphine treatment in infancy with respect to body weight and brain size in either sex. Interestingly, prolonged morphine administration in adulthood was associated with smaller brain volumes that differed by sex only in case of previous exposure to morphine in infancy. Specifically, we report significantly smaller total brain volume of female rats on account of decreased volumes of forebrain and cortex.
Conclusions: Our study provides insight into the short- and long-term consequences of prolonged morphine administration in an infant rat model and suggests brain vulnerability to subsequent exposure in adulthood that might differ with sex.
Keywords: brain volume; infant; magnetic resonace imaging (MRI); neonatal; opioid; segmentation.
© 2023 Taylor, Cheng, Hodkinson, Afacan, Zurakowski and Bajic.