Stem cells are multipotent cells exerting anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects. Mesenchymal stem cells are the most well-known and used stem cells in orthopaedic surgery. In this review, we provide an overview of the current local use of stem cells in the treatment of osteoarthritis, bone defects, tendinopathy, and rotator cuff lesions. Conclusively, the future use of stem cells in orthopaedic treatments seems to have potential regarding not only pain relief, but also the possible curative effect of certain conditions.