Anatomical Basis for the Lower Eyelid Rejuvenation

Abstract

Background: The tear trough, hollow concavity of the lower eyelid, is one of the recognizable signs of facial aging. Anatomical description is essential in improving tear through deformity for facial rejuvenation.

Methods: Fifty cadaver were microdissected. Fat pad types, fat herniation and the fibrous support system of lower lid were investigated. The areas of the fat compartments were compared using photogrammetry method and ImageJ software.

Results: Lower lids develop palpebral bags as a result of herniation of orbital fat against a weak orbital septum in all cases (%100). The attachment of the arcus marginalis at the orbital edge is a large contributor to the middle-aged appearance of the midface in all cases (100%). The most common type is Type 1 (36%). In this type, three distinct fat pads were diverged by arcuate expansion at lateral, fascia of the inferior oblique muscle at medial, as central, medial and lateral. Type 2 specimens (20%) were observed with two fat pads. Double convexity contour is in Type 3 cases (%44). It is determined that the medial fat pads are located in larger areas. Also, herniation is particularly evident in the medial and mediocentral fat pads.

Conclusion: Analysis of the lower lid morphology enables surgeons to apply safe and effective procedures. The inferior oblique muscle and arcuate expansion structures should be supported and not be damaged during surgical interventions. Surgeons should focus mainly on the anatomical data obtained, and in this sense, surgeons apply them during aesthetic and reconstructive procedures of the lower eyelids.

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Keywords: Aging; Blepharoplasty; Eyelid retraction; Lower eyelid; Lower lid laxity; Tear trough deformity.