Biotransformation of gluten-free composite flour mediated by probiotics via solid-state fermentation process conducted under different moisture contents

Kareem Adebayo Koyum; Hooi Ling Foo; Norhayati Ramli; Teck Chwen Loh

doi:10.3389/fnut.2023.910537

Biotransformation of gluten-free composite flour mediated by probiotics via solid-state fermentation process conducted under different moisture contents

Front Nutr. 2023 Feb 15:10:910537. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2023.910537. eCollection 2023.

Authors

Kareem Adebayo Koyum¹, Hooi Ling Foo^{1

2}, Norhayati Ramli^{1

3}, Teck Chwen Loh⁴

Affiliations

¹ Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia.
² Research Laboratory of Probiotics and Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia.
³ Laboratory of Biopolymer and Derivatives, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia.
⁴ Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia.

Abstract

Staple foods produced from composite flour are considered feasible to alleviate protein-energy malnutrition (PEM). However, one of the major limitations of composite flour is poor protein digestibility. The biotransformation process mediated by probiotics via solid-state fermentation (SSF) holds a promising potential to address the poor protein digestibility in composite flour. Yet, there is no report established in this regard to the best of our knowledge. Therefore, 4 strains of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Pediococcus pentosaceus UP2 isolated from Malaysian foods that were previously reported to produce versatile extracellular hydrolytic enzymes were employed to biotransform gluten-free composite flour derived from rice, sorghum, and soybean. The SSF process was performed under 30-60% (v/w) moisture content for 7 days, where samples were withdrawn at 24 h intervals for various analyses such as pH, total titratable acidity (TTA), extracellular protease activity, soluble protein concentration, crude protein content, and in vitro protein digestibility. The pH of the biotransformed composite flour showed a significant reduction from the initial range of pH 5.98-6.67 to the final pH of 4.36-3.65, corresponding to the increase in the percentage of TTA in the range of 0.28-0.47% to 1.07-1.65% from days 0 to 4 and remained stable till day 7 of the SSF process. The probiotics strains exhibited high extracellular proteolytic activity (0.63-1.35 U/mg to 4.21-5.13 U/mg) from days 0 to 7. In addition, the treated composite flour soluble protein increased significantly (p ≤ 0.05) (0.58-0.60 mg/mL to 0.72-0.79 mg/mL) from days 0 to 7, crude protein content (12.00-12.18% to 13.04-14.39%) and protein digestibility (70.05-70.72% to 78.46-79.95%) from days 0 to 4 of SSF. The results of biotransformation of 50% (v/w) moisture content were mostly comparable to 60% (v/w) moisture content, implying 50% (v/w) moisture content was the most suitable moisture content for the effective biotransformation of gluten-free composite flour mediated by probiotics via SSF since flour quality is better at lower moisture content. As for the overall performance, L. plantarum RS5 was ranked the best strain, attributed to the general improvement in the physicochemical properties of composite flour.

Keywords: biotransformation; composite flour; nutritive quality; probiotics; rice; solid-state fermentation; sorghum; soybean.

Grants and funding

This project was supported by the Fundamental Research Grant Scheme of the Ministry of Higher Education of Malaysia (Grant No: FRGS/1/2021/SKK06/UPM/01/1).