Oncogenes and Methionine Addiction of Cancer: Role of c-MYC

Abstract

Background/aim: Methionine addiction is a general and fundamental hallmark of cancer cells, termed the Hoffman effect. Previously Vanhamme and Szpirer showed that methionine addiction could be induced by transfection of the activated HRAS1 gene to a normal cell line. In the present study, we investigated the role of the c-MYC oncogene in methionine addiction of cancer, by comparison of c-Myc expression and malignancy of methionine-addicted osteosarcoma cells and rare methionine-independent revertants, derived from the methionine-addicted cells.

Materials and methods: Methionine-independent revertant 143B osteosarcoma cells (143B-R) were derived from methionine-addicted parental 143B osteosarcoma cells (143B-P), by continuous culture in medium depleted of methionine by recombinant methioninase. To compare in vitro malignancy of methionine-addicted parental cells and methionine-independent revertant cells, the following experiments were performed: for 143B-P and 143B-R cells, cell proliferation capacity was measured with a cell-counting assay, and colony-formation capacity was determined on plastic and in soft agar, all in methionine-containing Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium (DMEM). Tumor growth was measured in orthotopic xenograft nude-mouse models, to compare in vivo malignancy of 143B-P and 143B-R cells. c-MYC expression was examined with western immunoblotting and compared in 143B-P and 143B-R cells.

Results: 143B-R cells had reduced cell proliferation capacity, compared to 143B-P cells, in methionine-containing medium (p=0.003). 143B-R cells had reduced colony formation capacity on plastic (p=0.003) and in soft agar, compared to 143B-P cells in methionine-containing medium. 143B-R cells had reduced tumor growth in orthotopic xenograft nude-mouse models, compared to 143B-P cells, (p=0.002). These results demonstrate that 143B-R methionine-independent revertant cells lost malignancy. Expression of c-MYC was reduced in 143B-R methionine-independent revertant osteosarcoma cells, compared to 143B-P cells, (p=0.0007).

Conclusion: The present study demonstrated that c-MYC expression is linked to malignancy and methionine addiction of cancer cells. The present study on c-MYC, and the previous study on HRAS1, suggest that oncogenes may play a role in methionine addiction, which is a hallmark of all cancers, as well as in malignancy.

Keywords: Hoffman effect; Oncogene; c-MYC; malignancy; methionine addiction; methionine metabolism; methionine-independent revertant; osteosarcoma; reprograming.