Improving Diabetes Care Through Population Health Innovations and Payments: Lessons from Western Maryland

Abstract

Background: Global budgets might incentivize healthcare systems to develop population health programs to prevent costly hospitalizations. In response to Maryland's all-payer global budget financing system, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) Western Maryland developed an outpatient care management center called the Center for Clinical Resources (CCR) to support high-risk patients with chronic disease.

Objective: Evaluate the impact of the CCR on patient-reported, clinical, and resource utilization outcomes for high-risk rural patients with diabetes.

Design: Observational cohort study.

Participants: One hundred forty-one adult patients with uncontrolled diabetes (HbA1c > 7%) and one or more social needs who were enrolled between 2018 and 2021.

Interventions: Team-based interventions that provided interdisciplinary care coordination (e.g., diabetes care coordinators), social needs support (e.g., food delivery, benefits assistance), and patient education (e.g., nutritional counseling, peer support).

Main measures: Patient-reported (e.g., quality of life, self-efficacy), clinical (e.g., HbA1c), and utilization outcomes (e.g., emergency department visits, hospitalizations).

Key results: Patient-reported outcomes improved significantly at 12 months, including confidence in self-management, quality of life, and patient experience (56% response rate). No significant demographic differences were detected between patients with or without the 12-month survey response. Baseline mean HbA1c was 10.0% and decreased on average by 1.2 percentage points at 6 months, 1.4 points at 12 months, 1.5 points at 18 months, and 0.9 points at 24 and 30 months (P<0.001 at all timepoints). No significant changes were observed in blood pressure, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, or weight. The annual all-cause hospitalization rate decreased by 11 percentage points (34 to 23%, P=0.01) and diabetes-related emergency department visits also decreased by 11 percentage points (14 to 3%, P=0.002) at 12 months.

Conclusions: CCR participation was associated with improved patient-reported outcomes, glycemic control, and hospital utilization for high-risk patients with diabetes. Payment arrangements like global budgets can support the development and sustainability of innovative diabetes care models.

Keywords: care coordination; diabetes; global budgets; population health; social drivers of health.