Delayed Eating Schedule Raises Mean Glucose Levels in Young Adult Males: a Randomized Controlled Cross-Over Trial

Abstract

Background: Misalignment of meals to the biological clock may cause adverse effects on glucose metabolism. However, the effects of repeated different eating schedules (early compared with late) on glucose concentration throughout the day are poorly understood.

Objectives: We examined the effects of different eating schedules on the 24-h glucose response using a continuous glucose monitor (CGM).

Methods: Eight young adult males (age, 20.9 ± 3.4 y; body mass index: 21.3 ± 1.8 kg/m²) each followed 2 different eating schedules (early [08:30, 13:30, and 19:30] and late [12:00, 17:00, and 23:00]) in random order. These diet interventions were conducted for 8 d, with an experimental period of 3 d and 2 nights (from dinner on day 7) after 7 d of free living. The 3 meals in each intervention were nutritionally equivalent (55% carbohydrate, 15% protein, and 30% fat). The 24-h mean interstitial glucose concentration on day 8 was obtained under controlled conditions using the CGM (primary outcome). These concentrations were compared among the following 3 schedules using Dunnett's test, with the early eating schedule as reference (1 compared with 2 and 1 compared with 3): 1) early eating schedule (control), 2) late eating schedule according to the clock time (08:00 on day 8 to 08:00 on day 9), and 3) late eating schedule according to the time elapsed since the first meal for 24 h.

Results: The 24-h mean ± SD interstitial glucose concentrations when participants followed the late eating schedule were higher than those when they followed the early eating schedule in terms of clock time (91.2 ± 2.9 compared with 99.2 ± 4.6 mg/dL, P = 0.003) and time elapsed (91.2 ± 2.9 compared with 98.3 ± 3.8 mg/dL, P < 0.001).

Conclusions: A late eating schedule increases the mean 24-h interstitial glucose concentration in young adult males. This insight will have useful implications in determining meal timings, especially for those with conditions such as diabetes.

Keywords: circadian rhythm; continuous glucose monitoring system; diabetes; eating rhythms; glucose level; glycemic response; late eating; meal timing; young adult men.