A Novel Low-Cost Compact High-Performance Flower-Shaped Radiator Design for Modern Smartphone Applications

Zaheer Ahmed Dayo; Muhammad Aamir; Ziaur Rahman; Imran A Khoso; Mir Muhammad Lodro; Shoaib Ahmed Dayo; Permanand Soothar; Muhammad Salman Pathan; Ahmed Jamal Abdullah Al-Gburi; Aftab Ahmed Memon; Bhawani Shankar Chowdhry

doi:10.3390/mi14020463

A Novel Low-Cost Compact High-Performance Flower-Shaped Radiator Design for Modern Smartphone Applications

Micromachines (Basel). 2023 Feb 16;14(2):463. doi: 10.3390/mi14020463.

Affiliations

¹ College of Computer Science, Huanggang Normal University (HGNU), Huanggang 438000, China.
² College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics (NUAA), Nanjing 211106, China.
³ Wolfson School of Mechanical, Electrical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK.
⁴ School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK.
⁵ Department of Industrial Engineering, Universita Degli Studi Di Salerno (University of Salerno), Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132-84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy.
⁶ School of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology (NJUST), Nanjing 210094, China.
⁷ Department of Telecommunication and Electronics Engineering, Institute of Information and Communication Technologies (IICT), Mehran University of Engineering and Technology (MUET), Jamshoro 76062, Pakistan.
⁸ Department of Computer Science, National University of Ireland, Maynooth, W23 F2H6 Kildare, Ireland.
⁹ Microwave Research Group (MRG), Centre for Telecommunication Research & Innovation (CeTRI), Fakulti Kejuruteraan Elektronik dan Kejuruteraan Komputer (FKEKK), Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM), Hang Tuah Jaya, Durian Tunggal 76100, Malaysia.

Abstract

This manuscript examines the design principle and real-world validation of a new miniaturized high-performance flower-shaped radiator (FSR). The antenna prototype consists of an ultracompact square metallic patch of 0.116λ₀ × 0.116λ₀ (λ₀ is the free space wavelength at 3.67 GHz), a rectangular microstrip feed network, and a partial metal ground plane. A novel, effective, and efficient approach based on open circuit loaded stubs is employed to achieve the antenna's optimal performance features. Rectangular, triangular, and circular disc stubs were added to the simple structure of the square radiator, and hence, the FSR configuration was formed. The proposed antenna was imprinted on a low-cost F4B laminate with low profile thickness of 0.018λ₀, relative permittivity ε_r = 2.55, and dielectric loss tangent δ = 0.0018. The designed radiator has an overall small size of 0.256λ₀ × 0.354λ₀. The parameter study of multiple variables and their influence on the performance results has been extensively studied. Moreover, the impact of different substrate materials, impedance bandwidths, resonance tuning, and impedance matching has also been analyzed. The proposed antenna model has been designed, simulated, and fabricated. The designed antenna exhibits a wide bandwidth of 5.33 GHz ranging from 3.67 to 9.0 GHz at 10 dB return loss, which resulted in an 83.6% fractional impedance bandwidth; a maximum gain of 7.3 dBi at 8.625 GHz; optimal radiation efficiency of 89% at 4.5 GHz; strong intensity current flow across the radiator; and stable monopole-like far-field radiation patterns. Finally, a comparison between the scientific results and newly published research has been provided. The antenna's high-performance simulated and measured results are in a good agreement; hence, they make the proposed antenna an excellent choice for modern smartphones' connectivity with the sub-6 GHz frequency spectrum of modern fifth-generation (5G) mobile communication application.

Keywords: compact; flower-shaped radiator (FSR); high-performance; low-cost; modern smartphone wireless applications.

Grants and funding

(2042022006)/National Natural Science Foundation of China