CD99 and the Chicken Alloantigen D Blood System

Janet E Fulton; Wiola Drobik-Czwarno; Ashlee R Lund; Carl J Schmidt; Robert L Taylor Jr

doi:10.3390/genes14020402

CD99 and the Chicken Alloantigen D Blood System

Genes (Basel). 2023 Feb 3;14(2):402. doi: 10.3390/genes14020402.

Authors

Janet E Fulton¹, Wiola Drobik-Czwarno², Ashlee R Lund¹, Carl J Schmidt³, Robert L Taylor Jr⁴

Affiliations

¹ Hy-Line International, Dallas Center, IA 50063, USA.
² Department of Animal Genetics and Conservation, Institute of Animal Science, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland.
³ Department of Animal and Food Science, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA.
⁴ Division of Animal and Nutritional Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.

Abstract

The chicken D blood system is one of 13 alloantigen systems found on chicken red blood cells. Classical recombinant studies located the D blood system on chicken chromosome 1, but the candidate gene was unknown. Multiple resources were utilized to identify the chicken D system candidate gene, including genome sequence information from both research and elite egg production lines for which D system alloantigen alleles were reported, and DNA from both pedigree and non-pedigree samples with known D alleles. Genome-wide association analyses using a 600 K or a 54 K SNP chip plus DNA from independent samples identified a strong peak on chicken chromosome 1 at 125-131 Mb (GRCg6a). Cell surface expression and the presence of exonic non-synonymous SNP were used to identify the candidate gene. The chicken CD99 gene showed the co-segregation of SNP-defined haplotypes and serologically defined D blood system alleles. The CD99 protein mediates multiple cellular processes including leukocyte migration, T-cell adhesion, and transmembrane protein transport, affecting peripheral immune responses. The corresponding human gene is found syntenic to the pseudoautosomal region 1 of human X and Y chromosomes. Phylogenetic analyses show that CD99 has a paralog, XG, that arose by duplication in the last common ancestor of the amniotes.

Keywords: CD99; Chicken D blood system; Xg blood system; chicken–human synteny.

Publication types

Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

12E7 Antigen / genetics
Alleles
Animals
Chickens* / genetics
DNA
Genome-Wide Association Study
Humans
Isoantigens*
Phylogeny

Substances

Isoantigens
DNA
CD99 protein, human
12E7 Antigen

Grants and funding

Funding for this research was provided by the National Institute of Food and Agriculture, US Department of Agriculture National Research Support Program-8 (NRSP-8) co-ordinators, Hatch/Multistate project NE1834 The genetic bases for resistance and immunity to avian disease under accession number 1022063, Hy-Line International, and the West Virginia University Elwood and Ruth Briles Avian Alloantigen Research Fund.