Blockchain-Federated and Deep-Learning-Based Ensembling of Capsule Network with Incremental Extreme Learning Machines for Classification of COVID-19 Using CT Scans

Hassaan Malik; Tayyaba Anees; Ahmad Naeem; Rizwan Ali Naqvi; Woong-Kee Loh

doi:10.3390/bioengineering10020203

Blockchain-Federated and Deep-Learning-Based Ensembling of Capsule Network with Incremental Extreme Learning Machines for Classification of COVID-19 Using CT Scans

Bioengineering (Basel). 2023 Feb 3;10(2):203. doi: 10.3390/bioengineering10020203.

Authors

Hassaan Malik¹, Tayyaba Anees², Ahmad Naeem¹, Rizwan Ali Naqvi³, Woong-Kee Loh⁴

Affiliations

¹ Department of Computer Science, University of Management and Technology, Lahore 54000, Pakistan.
² Department of Software Engineering, University of Management and Technology, Lahore 54000, Pakistan.
³ Department of Unmanned Vehicle Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea.
⁴ School of Computing, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Republic of Korea.

Abstract

Due to the rapid rate of SARS-CoV-2 dissemination, a conversant and effective strategy must be employed to isolate COVID-19. When it comes to determining the identity of COVID-19, one of the most significant obstacles that researchers must overcome is the rapid propagation of the virus, in addition to the dearth of trustworthy testing models. This problem continues to be the most difficult one for clinicians to deal with. The use of AI in image processing has made the formerly insurmountable challenge of finding COVID-19 situations more manageable. In the real world, there is a problem that has to be handled about the difficulties of sharing data between hospitals while still honoring the privacy concerns of the organizations. When training a global deep learning (DL) model, it is crucial to handle fundamental concerns such as user privacy and collaborative model development. For this study, a novel framework is designed that compiles information from five different databases (several hospitals) and edifies a global model using blockchain-based federated learning (FL). The data is validated through the use of blockchain technology (BCT), and FL trains the model on a global scale while maintaining the secrecy of the organizations. The proposed framework is divided into three parts. First, we provide a method of data normalization that can handle the diversity of data collected from five different sources using several computed tomography (CT) scanners. Second, to categorize COVID-19 patients, we ensemble the capsule network (CapsNet) with incremental extreme learning machines (IELMs). Thirdly, we provide a strategy for interactively training a global model using BCT and FL while maintaining anonymity. Extensive tests employing chest CT scans and a comparison of the classification performance of the proposed model to that of five DL algorithms for predicting COVID-19, while protecting the privacy of the data for a variety of users, were undertaken. Our findings indicate improved effectiveness in identifying COVID-19 patients and achieved an accuracy of 98.99%. Thus, our model provides substantial aid to medical practitioners in their diagnosis of COVID-19.

Keywords: COVID-19; CT scans; blockchain; data privacy; deep learning; federated learning.

Abstract

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