Multifactorial structure of cognitive assessment tests in the UK Biobank: A combined exploratory factor and structural equation modeling analyses

Liliana G Ciobanu; Lazar Stankov; Muktar Ahmed; Andrew Heathcote; Scott Richard Clark; Eugene Aidman

doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1054707

Multifactorial structure of cognitive assessment tests in the UK Biobank: A combined exploratory factor and structural equation modeling analyses

Front Psychol. 2023 Jan 26:14:1054707. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1054707. eCollection 2023.

Authors

Liliana G Ciobanu¹, Lazar Stankov², Muktar Ahmed¹, Andrew Heathcote³, Scott Richard Clark¹, Eugene Aidman^{2

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Affiliations

¹ Discipline of Psychiatry, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
² School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
³ School of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
⁴ School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.
⁵ Decision Sciences Division, Defense Science and Technology Group, Adelaide, SA, Australia.

Abstract

Introduction: The UK Biobank cognitive assessment data has been a significant resource for researchers looking to investigate predictors and modifiers of cognitive abilities and associated health outcomes in the general population. Given the diverse nature of this data, researchers use different approaches - from the use of a single test to composing the general intelligence score, g, across the tests. We argue that both approaches are suboptimal - one being too specific and the other one too general - and suggest a novel multifactorial solution to represent cognitive abilities.

Methods: Using a combined Exploratory Factor (EFA) and Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling Analyses (ESEM) we developed a three-factor model to characterize an underlying structure of nine cognitive tests selected from the UK Biobank using a Cattell-Horn-Carroll framework. We first estimated a series of probable factor solutions using the maximum likelihood method of extraction. The best solution for the EFA-defined factor structure was then tested using the ESEM approach with the aim of confirming or disconfirming the decisions made.

Results: We determined that a three-factor model fits the UK Biobank cognitive assessment data best. Two of the three factors can be assigned to fluid reasoning (Gf) with a clear distinction between visuospatial reasoning and verbal-analytical reasoning. The third factor was identified as a processing speed (Gs) factor.

Discussion: This study characterizes cognitive assessment data in the UK Biobank and delivers an alternative view on its underlying structure, suggesting that the three factor model provides a more granular solution than g that can further be applied to study different facets of cognitive functioning in relation to health outcomes and to further progress examination of its biological underpinnings.

Keywords: UK biobank; cognition; cognitive tests; exploratory factor analysis; structural equation modeling.

Abstract

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