Fertilizer 15N balance in a soybean-maize-maize rotation system based on a 41-year long-term experiment in Northeast China

Jian Dai; Hailong Gui; Feng Shen; Yuying Liu; Minsong Bai; Jinfeng Yang; Houjun Liu; Peiyu Luo; Xiaori Han; Kadambot H M Siddique

doi:10.3389/fpls.2023.1105131

Fertilizer ¹⁵N balance in a soybean-maize-maize rotation system based on a 41-year long-term experiment in Northeast China

Front Plant Sci. 2023 Jan 30:14:1105131. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1105131. eCollection 2023.

Authors

Jian Dai^{1

2}, Hailong Gui³, Feng Shen^{1

2}, Yuying Liu^{1

2}, Minsong Bai^{1

2}, Jinfeng Yang^{1

2}, Houjun Liu^{1

2}, Peiyu Luo^{1

2}, Xiaori Han^{1

2}, Kadambot H M Siddique⁴

Affiliations

¹ Agricultural Resources and Environment Mobile Station, College of Land and Environment, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
² National Engineering Research Center for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources/Monitoring & Experimental Station of Corn Nutrition and Fertilization in Northeast Region, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
³ Food Science College, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
⁴ The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.

Abstract

Global awareness of the need to enhance crop production and reduce environmental issues associated with nitrogen (N) fertilizer has increased. However, studies on how the N fate changed with manure addition are still limited. To explore efficient fertilization management for an improved grain yield, N recovery efficiency, and reduced N residual in the soil or that unaccounted for, a field 15N micro-plot trial in a soybean-maize-maize rotation was conducted to evaluate the effect of fertilization regimes on soybean and maize yields and the fertilizer N fate in the plant-soil system during 2017-2019 within a 41-year experiment in Northeast China. Treatments included chemical N alone (N), N and phosphorus (NP), N, P, and potassium (NPK), and those combined with manure (MN, MNP, and MNPK). Application of manure increased grain yield, on average, by 153% for soybean (2017) and 105% and 222% for maize (2018 and 2019) compared to no manure, with the highest at MNPK. Crop N uptake and that from labeled ¹⁵N-urea also benefited from manure addition, mainly partitioned to grain, and the average ¹⁵N-urea recovery was 28.8% in the soybean season with a reduction in the subsequent maize seasons (12.6%, and 4.1%). Across the three years, the fertilizer ¹⁵N recovery ranged from 31.2-63.1% (crop) and 21.9-40.5% (0-40 cm soil), with 14.6-29.9% unaccounted for, including N losses. In the two maize seasons, manure addition significantly increased the residual ¹⁵N recovery in crop attributed to the enhancing ¹⁵N remineralization, and reduced that in soil and unaccounted for compared to single chemical fertilizer, with MNPK performing the best. Therefore, applying N, P, and K fertilizers in the soybean season and NPK combined with manure (13.5 t ha^-1) in the maize seasons is a promising fertilization management strategy in Northeast China and similar regions.

Keywords: N losses; N recovery; fertilizer N fate; long-term experiment; soil residual N; soybean-maize-maize rotation.

Grants and funding

This research was funded by the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (YS2022YFD150006101-4), the Science and Technology Program of Liaoning Province (2019-BS-213) and Youth Development Program of the Land and Environment College (QNPY-2021-01).